Bray F, Ren JS, Masuyer E, Ferlay J: Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008. Int J Cancer. 2013, 132 (5): 1133-1145.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012, 62 (1): 10-29.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Howlader N, Altekruse SF, Li CI, Chen VW, Clarke CA, Ries LA, Cronin KA: US Incidence of Breast Cancer Subtypes Defined by Joint Hormone Receptor and HER2 Status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014, 106: 5-doi:10.1093/jnci/dju055
Article
Google Scholar
Nilas L, Christiansen C: Bone mass and its relationship to age and the menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987, 65 (4): 697-702.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barrett-Connor E, Bush TL: Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA. 1991, 265 (14): 1861-1867.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gambrell RD, Teran AZ: Changes in lipids and lipoproteins with long-term estrogen deficiency and hormone replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991, 165 (2): 307-315. discussion 315–317
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH: Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease, Ten-year follow-up from the nurses’ health study. N Engl J Med. 1991, 325 (11): 756-762.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coope J, Thomson JM, Poller L: Effects of “natural oestrogen” replacement therapy on menopausal symptoms and blood clotting. Br Med J. 1975, 4 (5989): 139-143.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lobo RA: Ovarian hyperandrogenism and androgen-producing tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1991, 20 (4): 773-805.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Limouzin-Lamothe MA, Mairon N, Joyce CR, Le Gal M: Quality of life after the menopause: influence of hormonal replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994, 170 (2): 618-624.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Ensrud K, Ettinger B, Black D, Cummings SR: Estrogen replacement therapy and fractures in older women, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med. 1995, 122 (1): 9-16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL: Changing concepts: Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012, 104 (7): 517-527.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J, Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002, 288 (3): 321-333.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bentrem DJ, Jordan VC: Targeted antiestrogens for the prevention of breast cancer. Oncol Res. 1999, 11 (9): 401-407.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jordan VC: Chemoprevention in the 21st century: is a balance best or should women have no estrogen at all?. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23 (8): 1598-1600.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uray IP, Brown PH: Prevention of breast cancer: current state of the science and future opportunities. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006, 15 (12): 1583-1600.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Di Prospero LS, Seminsky M, Honeyford J, Doan B, Franssen E, Meschino W, Chart P, Warner E: Psychosocial issues following a positive result of genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: findings from a focus group and a needs-assessment survey. CMAJ. 2001, 164 (7): 1005-1009.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
MacMahon B, Cole P, Lin TM, Lowe CR, Mirra AP, Ravnihar B, Salber EJ, Valaoras VG, Yuasa S: Age at first birth and breast cancer risk. Bull World Health Organ. 1970, 43 (2): 209-221.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pandya N, Morris GJ: Toxicity of aromatase inhibitors. Semin Oncol. 2006, 33 (6): 688-695.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aydiner A: Meta-analysis of breast cancer outcome and toxicity in adjuvant trials of aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal women. Breast. 2013, 22 (2): 121-129.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hershman DL, Kushi LH, Shao T, Buono D, Kershenbaum A, Tsai WY, Fehrenbacher L, Gomez SL, Miles S, Neugut AI: Early discontinuation and nonadherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy in a cohort of 8,769 early-stage breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2010, 28 (27): 4120-4128.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li L, Ding J, Marshall C, Gao J, Hu G, Xiao M: Pretraining affects Morris water maze performance with different patterns between control and ovariectomized plus D-galactose-injected mice. Behav Brain Res. 2011, 217 (1): 244-247.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eastell R, Hannon RA: Biomarkers of bone health and osteoporosis risk. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008, 67 (2): 157-162.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goodman MP: Are all estrogens created equal? A review of oral vs. transdermal therapy. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012, 21 (2): 161-169.
Article
Google Scholar
Stanosz S, Zochowska E, Safranow K, Sieja K, Stanosz M: Influence of modified transdermal hormone replacement therapy on the concentrations of hormones, growth factors, and bone mineral density in women with osteopenia. Metabolism. 2009, 58 (1): 1-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davey DA: Update: estrogen and estrogen plus progestin therapy in the care of women at and after the menopause. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2012, 8 (2): 169-189.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Maki PM: Minireview: effects of different HT formulations on cognition. Endocrinology. 2012, 153 (8): 3564-3570.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mueck AO: Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: the value of transdermal estradiol and micronized progesterone. Climacteric. 2012, 15 (Suppl 1): 11-17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Archer DF, Oger E: Estrogen and progestogen effect on venous thromboembolism in menopausal women. Climacteric. 2012, 15 (3): 235-240.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Scarabin PY: Progestogens and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy. Maturitas. 2011, 70 (4): 354-360.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simon JA: What’s new in hormone replacement therapy: focus on transdermal estradiol and micronized progesterone. Climacteric. 2012, 15 (Suppl 1): 3-10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davison S, Thipphawong J, Blanchard J, Liu K, Morishige R, Gonda I, Okikawa J, Adams J, Evans A, Otulana B, Davis S: Pharmacokinetics and acute safety of inhaled testosterone in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005, 45 (2): 177-184.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Montalcini T, Gorgone G, Gazzaruso C, Sesti G, Perticone F, Pujia A: Endogenous testosterone and endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Coron Artery Dis. 2007, 18 (1): 9-13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pike CJ, Carroll JC, Rosario ER, Barron AM: Protective actions of sex steroid hormones in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009, 30 (2): 239-258.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Glaser RL, Dimitrakakis C: Reduced breast cancer incidence in women treated with subcutaneous testosterone, or testosterone with anastrozole: a prospective, observational study. Maturitas. 2013, 76 (4): 342-349.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dimitrakakis C, Zava D, Marinopoulos S, Tsigginou A, Antsaklis A, Glaser R: Low salivary testosterone levels in patients with breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2010, 10: 547--10-547
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Farhat GN, Cummings SR, Chlebowski RT, Parimi N, Cauley JA, Rohan TE, Huang AJ, Vitolins M, Hubbell FA, Manson JE, Cochrane BB, Lane DS, Lee JS: Sex hormone levels and risks of estrogen receptor-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011, 103 (7): 562-570.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yue W, Zhou D, Chen S, Brodie A: A new nude mouse model for postmenopausal breast cancer using MCF-7 cells transfected with the human aromatase gene. Cancer Res. 1994, 54 (19): 5092-5095.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brodie AH, Jelovac D, Long B: The intratumoral aromatase model: studies with aromatase inhibitors and antiestrogens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2003, 86 (3–5): 283-288.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simpson ER, Mahendroo MS, Means GD, Kilgore MW, Hinshelwood MM, Graham-Lorence S, Amarneh B, Ito Y, Fisher CR, Michael MD: Aromatase cytochrome P450, the enzyme responsible for estrogen biosynthesis. Endocr Rev. 1994, 15 (3): 342-355.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kellis JT, Vickery LE: Purification and characterization of human placental aromatase cytochrome P-450. J Biol Chem. 1987, 262 (9): 4413-4420.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rich RL, Hoth LR, Geoghegan KF, Brown TA, LeMotte PK, Simons SP, Hensley P, Myszka DG: Kinetic analysis of estrogen receptor/ligand interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002, 99 (13): 8562-8567.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhu BT, Han GZ, Shim JY, Wen Y, Jiang XR: Quantitative structure-activity relationship of various endogenous estrogen metabolites for human estrogen receptor alpha and beta subtypes: Insights into the structural determinants favoring a differential subtype binding. Endocrinology. 2006, 147 (9): 4132-4150.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
O’Neill JS, Elton RA, Miller WR: Aromatase activity in adipose tissue from breast quadrants: a link with tumour site. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988, 296 (6624): 741-743.
Article
Google Scholar
Bulun SE, Price TM, Aitken J, Mahendroo MS, Simpson ER: A link between breast cancer and local estrogen biosynthesis suggested by quantification of breast adipose tissue aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts using competitive polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993, 77 (6): 1622-1628.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sabnis GJ, Jelovac D, Long B, Brodie A: The role of growth factor receptor pathways in human breast cancer cells adapted to long-term estrogen deprivation. Cancer Res. 2005, 65 (9): 3903-3910.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jelovac D, Sabnis G, Long BJ, Macedo L, Goloubeva OG, Brodie AM: Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in xenografts and cells during prolonged treatment with aromatase inhibitor letrozole. Cancer Res. 2005, 65 (12): 5380-5389.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jelovac D, Macedo L, Goloubeva OG, Handratta V, Brodie AM: Additive antitumor effect of aromatase inhibitor letrozole and antiestrogen fulvestrant in a postmenopausal breast cancer model. Cancer Res. 2005, 65 (12): 5439-5444.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eastell R, Adams JE, Coleman RE, Howell A, Hannon RA, Cuzick J, Mackey JR, Beckmann MW, Clack G: Effect of anastrozole on bone mineral density: 5-year results from the anastrozole, tamoxifen, alone or in combination trial 18233230. J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26 (7): 1051-1057.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sestak I, Sapunar F, Cuzick J: Aromatase inhibitor-induced carpal tunnel syndrome: results from the ATAC trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27 (30): 4961-4965.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cuzick J, Sestak I, Cella D, Fallowfield L, ATAC Trialists’ Group: Treatment-emergent endocrine symptoms and the risk of breast cancer recurrence: a retrospective analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008, 9 (12): 1143-1148.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cuzick J, Sestak I, Baum M, Buzdar A, Howell A, Dowsett M, Forbes JF, ATAC/LATTE investigators: Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 10-year analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010, 11 (12): 1135-1141.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tannock IF: 10-year analysis of the ATAC trial: wrong conclusion?. Lancet Oncol. 2011, 12 (3): 216-217. author reply 217
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Ormiston TM, Greyber E, Buckley NS, Salpeter EE: Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006, 8 (5): 538-554.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial: Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA. 1995, 273 (3): 199-208.
Article
Google Scholar
Godsland IF, Winkler U, Lidegaard O, Crook D: Occlusive vascular diseases in oral contraceptive users. Epidemiology, pathology and mechanisms. Drugs. 2000, 60 (4): 721-869.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Godsland IF, Manassiev NA, Felton CV, Proudler AJ, Crook D, Whitehead MI, Stevenson JC: Effects of low and high dose oestradiol and dydrogesterone therapy on insulin and lipoprotein metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004, 60 (5): 541-549.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Godsland IF: Biology: risk factor modification by OCs and HRT lipids and lipoproteins. Maturitas. 2004, 47 (4): 299-303.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Magid D, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, et al: Heart disease and stroke statistics–2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013, 127 (1): e6-e245.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Howard BV, Rossouw JE: Estrogens and cardiovascular disease risk revisited: the Women’s Health Initiative. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013, 24 (6): 493-499.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bhavnani BR, Stanczyk FZ: Pharmacology of conjugated equine estrogens: Efficacy, safety and mechanism of action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014, 142: 16-29.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, Bonds D, Brunner R, Brzyski R, Caan B, Chlebowski R, Curb D, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix S, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell A, Jackson R, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller L, LaCroix AZ, Lane D, Langer RD, Lasser N, Lewis CE, Manson J, et al: Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004, 291 (14): 1701-1712.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, Stefanick ML, Gass M, Lane D, Rodabough RJ, Gilligan MA, Cyr MG, Thomson CA, Khandekar J, Petrovitch H, McTiernan A, WHI Investigators: Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003, 289 (24): 3243-3253.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ottosson UB, Johansson BG, von Schoultz B: Subfractions of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol during estrogen replacement therapy: a comparison between progestogens and natural progesterone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985, 151 (6): 746-750.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Minshall RD, Stanczyk FZ, Miyagawa K, Uchida B, Axthelm M, Novy M, Hermsmeyer K: Ovarian steroid protection against coronary artery hyperreactivity in rhesus monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 83 (2): 649-659.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mishra RG, Hermsmeyer RK, Miyagawa K, Sarrel P, Uchida B, Stanczyk FZ, Burry KA, Illingworth DR, Nordt FJ: Medroxyprogesterone acetate and dihydrotestosterone induce coronary hyperreactivity in intact male rhesus monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 90 (6): 3706-3714.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miyagawa K, Rosch J, Stanczyk F, Hermsmeyer K: Medroxyprogesterone interferes with ovarian steroid protection against coronary vasospasm. Nat Med. 1997, 3 (3): 324-327.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saarikoski S, Yliskoski M, Penttila I: Sequential use of norethisterone and natural progesterone in pre-menopausal bleeding disorders. Maturitas. 1990, 12 (2): 89-97.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fahraeus L, Larsson-Cohn U, Wallentin L: L-norgestrel and progesterone have different influences on plasma lipoproteins. Eur J Clin Invest. 1983, 13 (6): 447-453.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ottosson UB: Oral progesterone and estrogen/progestogen therapy. Effects of natural and synthetic hormones on subfractions of HDL cholesterol and liver proteins. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 1984, 127: 1-37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nelson HD: Menopause. Lancet. 2008, 371 (9614): 760-770.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ebeling PR: Clinical practice, Osteoporosis in men. N Engl J Med. 2008, 358 (14): 1474-1482.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harada S, Rodan GA: Control of osteoblast function and regulation of bone mass. Nature. 2003, 423 (6937): 349-355.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harman SM: Estrogen replacement in menopausal women: recent and current prospective studies, the WHI and the KEEPS. Gend Med. 2006, 3 (4): 254-269.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Christiansen C, Riis BJ, Nilas L, Rodbro P, Deftos L: Uncoupling of bone formation and resorption by combined oestrogen and progestagen therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet. 1985, 2 (8459): 800-801.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tremollieres F, Pouilles JM, Ribot C: Effect of long-term administration of progestogen on post-menopausal bone loss: result of a two-year, controlled randomized study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993, 38 (6): 627-631.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Tremollieres FA, Pouilles JM, Ribot C: Withdrawal of hormone replacement therapy is associated with significant vertebral bone loss in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2001, 12 (5): 385-390.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seifert-Klauss V, Schmidmayr M, Hobmaier E, Wimmer T: Progesterone and bone: a closer link than previously realized. Climacteric. 2012, 15 (Suppl 1): 26-31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Prior JC: Progesterone as a bone-trophic hormone. Endocr Rev. 1990, 11 (2): 386-398.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar