Skip to main content
Download PDF

Patients with IVF complicated by moderate-to-critical OHSS experience increased thrombosis, GDM and neonatal NICU admission but slightly shorter gestation compared with matched IVF counterparts: A retrospective Chinese cohort study

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology volume 19, Article number: 8 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a common disease during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation treatment. However, the obstetric and neonatal outcomes of this group of patients are unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of late moderate-to-critical OHSS on obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

Methods

This prospective observational study included 17,537 patients who underwent IVF/ICSI-fresh embryo transfer (ET) between June 2012 and July 2016 and met the inclusion criteria, including 7,064 eligible patients diagnosed with clinical pregnancy. Ultimately, 6,356 patients were allocated to the control group, and 385 patients who were hospitalized and treated at the center for late moderate-to-critical OHSS were allocated to the OHSS group. Then, propensity score matching analysis was performed, matching nine maternal baseline covariates and the number of multiple gestations; 385 patients with late moderate-to-critical OHSS were compared with a matched control group of 1,540 patients. The primary outcomes were the live birth rate, preterm delivery rate, miscarriage rate, gestational age at birth (weeks), obstetric complications and neonatal complications.

Results

The duration of gestation in the matched control group was significantly higher than that in the OHSS group. The live birth delivery rate did not significantly differ between the OHSS and matched control groups. The incidence rates of the obstetric complications venous thrombosis (VT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), neonatal complications and the number of neonates admitted to the NICU were significantly higher in the OHSS group than in the matched control group.

Conclusions

Pregnant women undergoing IVF with fresh ET whose course is complicated by late moderate-to-critical OHSS appear to experience shortened gestation and increased obstetrical and neonatal complications compared with matched controls whose course is not complicated by OHSS. However, the live birth rate, average neonatal weight, and incidence rates of premature delivery, miscarriage, early abortion, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP), placenta previa (PP), intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), and low neonatal birth weight (LBW) did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Introduction

The widespread use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in the clinic to enhance the oocyte number has increased the prevalence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) [1, 2]. The etiopathogenesis of OHSS remains unclear, but hCG, VEGF, angiotensin, and interleukin seem to be the key players in OHSS. These factors increase capillary permeability and cause blood volume reduction, blood concentration, liver function damage, kidney function damage, water and electrolyte disorders, thrombosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and other clinical manifestations, and the condition can be life-threatening [3,4,5]. Clinical studies indicate that the incidence of moderate-to-severe OHSS is approximately 2–3%, and milder forms may develop in up to 20– 30% of all in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients [5]. The clinical symptoms of OHSS are highly variable and difficult to precisely classify, and uniform standards are lacking, rendering accurate clinical data collection and unified classification difficult.

Recently, numerous reports concerning the prevention and treatment of OHSS have been published. However, the pregnancy outcomes of OHSS are poorly understood and remain controversial likely because the impact of late OHSS on pregnancy outcomes is difficult to predict [6,7,8,9,10]. Earlier studies have demonstrated that pregnancy and abortion rates are significantly increased among OHSS patients and that these patients are more likely to develop adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as abortion, growth restriction, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and low neonatal birth weight (LBW) [1, 11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. In addition, one study reported that the hospitalization of OHSS patients who underwent IVF was not conducive to pregnancy or continued pregnancy [18]. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of late moderate-to-critical OHSS on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies conceived following IVF/ICSI fresh embryo transfers.

Materials and methods

This prospective observational study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and the Institutional Ethics Committee Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University (Scientific research-2019-LW-046). This study was retrospectively registered on May 26th, 2017 (ChiCTR-1,800,014,655).

The inclusion criteria in this study were as follows: IVF/ICSI-fresh embryo transfer (ET) and an age ≤ 40 years. The exclusion criteria included the following: preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), donor sperm and donor oocyte, female age > 40 years, missing clinical data, sperm extraction method for percutaneous epididymis/testicular puncture/testicular biopsy (PESA/TESA/TESE), parental chromosomal abnormalities, Mullerian tube abnormalities (uterine malformations), and other diseases that may affect pregnancy outcomes, including an adverse pregnancy history, diabetes, hyperprolactinemia, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, cervix postoperative conization, pituitary tumor, pituitary microadenoma, premature ovarian failure, a history of pelvic tuberculosis, a history of rheumatic immune system disease, and a history of psychiatric diseases.

The classification criteria for OHSS were as follows: early-onset OHSS indicated the occurrence of OHSS no later than 9 days after the hCG injection, and late OHSS indicated the occurrence of OHSS generally no earlier than 10 days after the hCG injection [5, 15].

The classification of OHSS symptoms were as follows: mild: abdominal distension/discomfort, mild nausea/vomiting, mild dyspnea, diarrhea, enlarged ovaries, and no important alterations; moderate: mild features, ultrasonographic evidence of ascites, hemoconcentration (Hct > 41%), and elevated WBC (> 15,000 mL); severe: mild and moderate features, clinical evidence of ascites, hydrothorax, severe dyspnea, oliguria/anuria, intractable nausea/vomiting, severe hemoconcentration (Hct > 55%), WBC > 25,000 mL, CrCl < 50 mL/min, Cr > 1.6 mg/dL, Na + < 135 mEq/L, K + > 5 mEq/L, and elevated liver enzymes; critical: low blood/central venous pressure, pleural effusion, rapid weight gain (> 1 kg in 24 h), syncope, severe abdominal pain, venous thrombosis, anuria/acute renal failure, arrhythmia, thromboembolism, pericardial effusion, massive hydrothorax, arterial thrombosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and worsening of findings [19].

The control group included patients with no evidence of OHSS of any severity after undergoing fresh ET, and the OHSS group were patients who were hospitalized and treated at the center with late moderate-to-critical OHSS.

Statistical analysis

The incidences of the main outcome measures (obstetric complications and neonatal complications) were compared between the OHSS group and control group. First, we compared the baseline characteristics of the women according to the conception category. Potential confounders were selected based on the literature and clinical reasoning [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 12,13,14,15,16,17].

The confounding baseline characteristics, including maternal age, infertility duration, body mass index (BMI), basal FSH, basal LH, antral follicle count (AFC), infertility cause, estradiol level on the hCG trigger day (pg/mL), number of oocytes retrieved from follicles with diameters ≥ 12 mm, and number of multiple gestations, were collected. We implemented a propensity score matching approach to identify the control group women who were most similar to the OHSS group women [20,21,22,23,24,25]. Propensity score matching was used to further validate the logistic regression analysis results. For the propensity score analysis, we performed one-to-four matching without replacement based on the nearest propensity scores of the OHSS and control groups [20,21,22,23,24,25]. Matching variables are presented in Table 1. The primary outcomes of our study were pregnancy outcomes, obstetric and neonatal complications, the live birth delivery rate, the miscarriage rate, gestational age at birth (weeks) and neonatal birth weight.

Table 1 Characteristics of the patients at baseline and outcomes of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
Full size table

Categorical data are represented as frequencies and percentages, and differences in these measures between the study groups were assessed by chi-square analysis with the Fisher’s exact test for expected frequencies less than 5. Continuous data are expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD) using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22. Statistical analysis, including propensity score matching of data, was performed using R Statistical software version 3.2.5 (install.packages (“MatchIt”, R Foundation for Statistical Computing; https://www.r-project.org/). The significance testing was 2-sided, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

All 17,537 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included, and 7,064 eligible patients who were diagnosed with clinical pregnancy after IVF/ICSI-fresh ET between June 2012 and July 2016 were evaluated. After meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6,356 patients who had no evidence of OHSS of any severity after undergoing fresh ET were allocated to the control group, and 385 (3.03%) patients who were hospitalized and treated at the center for late moderate-to-critical OHSS were allocated to the OHSS group. Then, the patients were grouped by propensity score matching as shown in the flow chart in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Study enrollment and outcomes. Clinical pregnancy: A pregnacy diagnosed by ultrasonographic visualization of one or more gestational sacs of definitive clinical signs of pregnancy. In addition to intra-uterine pregnancy, it includes a clinically documented ectopic pregnancy. PSM: Prospensity score matching

Full size image

In the OHSS group, 272 cases (70.7%) underwent fertilization by conventional IVF, and the control group included 4,646 cases (73.1%). On the day of embryonic development, the embryos were all transferred in fresh cycles. The OHSS group included the following patients: ex d3: 366 cases, 95.1%, d5/6: 18 cases, 4.9%; control group: ex d3: 5,907 cases, 90.4%, d5/6: 631 cases, 9.6%.

Factors associated with OHSS

Compared with the control group, the patients with moderate-to-critical OHSS in our center were characterized by a young age, a low BMI, ovulation disorders or PCOS, a low basal FSH level, a higher E2 level on the hCG trigger day, and follicles ≥ 12 mm on the trigger day of final oocyte maturation (Table 1).

Study patients

The basic parameters of the patients in the two groups are presented in Table 1. A propensity score matching analysis was performed with matching based on multiple maternal baseline characteristics (one-to-four), and the analysis yielded 1,540 non-OHSS patients. The baseline patient characteristics and number of multiple gestation pregnancies were similar between the two study groups (Table 1).

Characteristics of the moderate-to-critical OHSS patients

The OHSS group comprised 385 patients (83 moderate OHSS; 289 severe OHSS; and 13 critical OHSS), with an average length of hospital stay of 12.7 ± 6.9 days.

The OHSS group included 302 (78.4%) patients who developed severe or critical OHSS. After admission, compared to the moderate group, the patients in the severe-to-critical group were hospitalized longer, and the percentage of those receiving puncture surgery was higher (9.3 ± 4.7 vs. 13.8 ± 7.2, (P < 0.001) and 16.9% vs. 44.0%, (P < 0.001), respectively). Furthermore, the HCT and WBC values in the severe-to-critical group were higher than those in the moderate group (42.0 ± 4.1 vs. 44.9 ± 5.7 (P < 0.001) and 14.0 ± 4.4 vs. 15.4 ± 4.8 (P = 0.012), respectively), as shown in Table 2. Compared with the matched control group with the same baseline characteristics, the incidence rates of miscarriages, live birth delivery, premature delivery and LBW did not significant differ between the groups. The incidence rate of obstetric complications was significantly higher in the severe and critical OHSS groups than in the matched control group; however, there were no significant differences between the moderate group and severe-to-critical group or between the moderate group and matched control group. The incidence rate of neonatal complications was significantly higher in the moderate group than in the matched control group; however, there were no significant differences between the moderate group and severe-to-critical group or between the severe-to-critical group and matched control group. The average neonatal weight in the severe-to-critical group and matched control group was significantly higher than that in the moderate group. The duration of gestation in the matched control group was significantly higher than those in the severe-to-critical group and moderate group.

Table 2 The characteristics of the OHSS group patients
Full size table

Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes

A binary logistic regression analysis was first used to compare the perinatal outcomes of the OHSS group and unmatched control group. The pregnancy and neonatal outcomes are described in detail in Table 3.

Table 3 Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of Logistic and Propensity score matching
Full size table

All patients in the two groups had a clinical pregnancy, and the abortion rate of the unmatched control group was higher than that of the OHSS group, but there was no significant difference (12.2% vs. 15.4%, P = 0.098). There was no difference in the abortion rate between the two groups after matching (12.2% vs. 13.6%, P = 0.481).

Before matching, several parameters differed between the patients in the OHSS group and the controls. However, after propensity score matching, the perinatal outcomes of the OHSS group and matched control group were compared. The live birth singleton delivery rate and preterm delivery rate did not significantly differ between the two groups. The incidence rate of obstetric complications of concern was significantly higher in the OHSS group than in the matched control group (7.0% vs. 3.2%; P = 0.001). Moreover, the GDM and venous thrombosis (VT) rates were higher in the OHSS group than in the matched control group (1.8% vs. 0.6%; P = 0.017 and 0.5% vs. 0%; P = 0.04, respectively).

The incidence rates of neonatal complications and number of neonates admitted to the NICU were significantly higher in the OHSS group than in the matched control group (3.6% vs. 2.1%; P = 0.045 and 3.2% vs. 1.7%; P = 0.034, respectively). The duration of gestation in the matched non-OHSS group was significantly higher than that in the OHSS group (38.7 ± 2.1 vs. 38.0 ± 2.2; P < 0.001). However, no significant between-group differences were evident in the average neonatal weight (g) or LBW (2800.7 ± 588.6 vs. 2853.6 ± 659.6; P = 0.081 and 25.5% vs. 27.1%; P = 0.441, respectively).

Discussion

The occurrence of OHSS-associated hospitalizations increases the economic burden and affects patient mental wellbeing after IVF-ET [26]. However, different races, regions, hospitals or research methods may affect the impact of OHSS on pregnancy outcomes; for instance, the baseline characteristics or severity of OHSS in patients may affect interpretation of the results during the course of clinical research. The pregnancy outcomes of pregnancies effected by OHSS have not yet been investigated thoroughly, and further studies are needed [8, 12]. The results of our data in the OHSS group and unmatched control group showed that the rates of multiple live birth deliveries and LBW were significantly higher in the OHSS group after eliminating the impact of multiple pregnancies and nine baseline characteristics on perinatal complications using propensity score matching. Furthermore, the results of our data in the OHSS group and matched control group showed that the incidence rates of obstetric complications and neonatal complications were significantly higher in the OHSS group than in the control group, including the incidence of GDM, VT, congenital disorders and neonatal NICU hospitalization. No significant between-group differences in the rates of preterm delivery, miscarriage, and early miscarriage were observed.

In our study, obstetric complications were significantly higher in the OHSS group than in the control group, but the incidence rates of PP, HDP, and ICP were not increased after OHSS, and the rates were consistent with previously reported post-IVF rates [27, 28]. Our results are similar to several previous reports that assessed this outcome [12, 14]. A previous symposium by Raziel et al. in 2009 and a previous case-control study indicated that the pregnancy rate is increased in OHSS patients and that the incidence rates of multiple pregnancies, GDM, premature birth, and LBW infants are significantly higher in OHSS patients [8]. We observed thrombosis only in the OHSS group. These results are rather inconsistent with previous findings because the obstetric complications examined here were not evaluated in previous studies [8, 13, 14].

A previous case-control study reported that the hospitalization duration of OHSS patients was positively related to increases in the rate of miscarriage and that OHSS hospitalization was not conducive to pregnancy or continued pregnancy in patients who underwent IVF [18]. It is possible that the occurrence and treatment of OHSS does not affect the abortion rate. At admission, the HCT and WBC values were positively correlated with the degree of OHSS and patient symptoms and were associated with an increased rate of surgical treatment. The number of hospital stays in the severe-critical group was higher than that in the moderate group, and the number of obstetric complications was decreased; however, the number of neonatal complications were increased, as shown in Table 2. The severity of OHSS increased the incidence rates of obstetrical complications and preterm delivery but had no effect on neonatal complications.

Conclusions

After eliminating the effects of confounding factors, late moderate-to-critical OHSS could reduce the gestational time and increase the number of obstetric complications and neonatal complications, including the incidence of GDM, VT, congenital disorders and neonatal NICU hospitalization. However, the live birth rate, average neonatal weight and incidence rates of premature delivery, miscarriage, early abortion, HDP, PP, ICP, and LBW were not statistically different between the two groups.

Availability of data and materials

All data supporting the conclusions of this article are included.

Abbreviations

IVF:

In vitro fertilization

ICSI:

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

BMI:

Body mass index

hCG:

Human chorionic gonadotropin

HDP:

Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy

GDM:

Gestational diabetes mellitus

LBW:

Low birth weight

OHSS:

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

References

  1. Sutter PD, Gerris J, Dhont M. Assisted reproductive technologies: How to minimize the risks and complications in developing countries? 2008, 2008(1):73–76.

  2. Toftager M, Bogstad J, Bryndorf T, Løssl K, Roskær J, Holland T, Prætorius L, Zedeler A, Nilas L, Pinborg A. Risk of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in GnRH antagonist versus GnRH agonist protocol: RCT including 1050 first IVF/ICSI cycles. Hum Reprod. 2016;80(4):717.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Elchalal U, Schenker JG. The pathophysiology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome–views and ideas. Hum Reprod. 1997;12(6):1129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Committee JSOO, Shmorgun D, Claman P, Gysler M, Hemmings R, Cheung AP, Goodrow GJ, Hughes EG, Min JK, Roberts J. The diagnosis and management of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: No. 268, November 2011. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;116(3):268–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Papanikolaou EG, Pozzobon C, Kolibianakis EM, Camus M, Tournaye H, Fatemi HM, Steirteghem AV, Devroey P. Incidence and prediction of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in women undergoing gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(1):112–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rosalind B, Gabor K, Vivien ML, Caroline M, Baker HWG. Can you ever collect too many oocytes? Hum Reprod. 2015;30(1):81–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Broer SL, Dólleman M, Opmeer BC, Fauser BC, Mol BW, Broekmans FJM. AMH and AFC as predictors of excessive response in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2011;17(1):46–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Raziel A, Schachter M, Friedler S, Ron-El R. Outcome of IVF pregnancies following severe OHSS. Reprod Biomed. 2009;19(1):61–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Steward RG, Lan L, Shah AA, Yeh JS, Price TM, Goldfarb JM, Muasher SJ. Oocyte number as a predictor for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and live birth: an analysis of 256,381 in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(4):967–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Vloeberghs V, Peeraer KA, D’Hooghe T. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and complications of ART. Best Prat Res Cl Ob. 2009;23(5):691–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen ZJ, Shi Y, Sun Y, Zhang B, Liang X, Cao Y, Yang J, Liu J, Wei D, Weng N. Fresh versus Frozen Embryos for Infertility in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. New Eng J Med. 2016;375(6):523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Blandine C, Virginie O, David B, Anne D, Agnès N, Marc G. Obstetric outcome of women with in vitro fertilization pregnancies hospitalized for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a case-control study. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(5):1629–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Haas J, Yinon Y, Meridor K, Orvieto R. Pregnancy outcome in severe OHSS patients following ascitic/plerural fluid drainage. J Ovarian Res. 2014;7(1):56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Jiang Xuan, Deng Cheng-Yan, Sun Zheng-Yi, Chen Wei-Lin, Wang Han-Bi, Zhou Yuan-Zheng, Jin Li. Pregnancy Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization with or without Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Chinese Patients. J Chinese Med. 2015;128(23):3167–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Luke B, Brown MB, Morbeck DE, Hudson SB, Rd CC, Stern JE. Factors associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and its effect on assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment and outcome. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(4):1399–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Papanikolaou EG, Herman T, Willem V, Michel C, Valérie V, Andre VS, Paul D. Early and late ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: early pregnancy outcome and profile. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(3):636–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wiser A, Levron J, Kreizer D, Achiron R, Shrim A, Schiff E, Dor J, Shulman A. Outcome of pregnancies complicated by severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS): a follow-up beyond the second trimester. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(4):910–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Arieh R, Shevach F, Morey S, Deborah S, Eitan M, Raphael RE. Increased early pregnancy loss in IVF patients with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(1):107–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2016. Prevention and treatment of moderate and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2016, 1634–1647.

  20. Austin PC. An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399–424.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Axelsson KF, Nilsson AG, Wedel H, Lundh D, Lorentzon M. Association Between Alendronate Use and Hip Fracture Risk in Older Patients Using Oral Prednisolone. Jama. 2017;318(2):146–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Guillaume D, Jean-Fran Ois H, Pierre-Emmanuel B, Guillaume L, Laurent V, Loic S. Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity After Attempted Operative Vaginal Delivery According to Fetal Head Station. Obstetrics Gynecology. 2015;126(3):521–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ensing S, Abu-Hanna A, Roseboom TJ, Repping S, Veen FVD, Mol BWJ, Ravelli ACJ. Risk of poor neonatal outcome at term after medically assisted reproduction: a propensity score-matched study. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(2):384–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Luo Z, Gardiner JC, Bradley CJ. Applying propensity score methods in medical research: pitfalls and prospects. Medical Care Research Review Mcrr. 2010;67(5):528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Uppal S, Bazzi A, Reynolds RK, Harris J, Pearlman MD, Campbell DA, Morgan DM. Chlorhexidine-Alcohol Compared With Povidone-Iodine for Preoperative Topical Antisepsis for Abdominal Hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(2):1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Csokmay JM, Yauger BJ, Henne MB, Armstrong AY, Queenan JT, Segars JH. Cost Analysis Model of Outpatient Management of OHSS with Paracentesis: ‘Tap Early and Often’ Versus Hospitalization. Fertil Steril. 2010;93(1):167–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Martin AS, Monsour M, Kissin DM, Jamieson DJ, Callaghan WM, Boulet SL. Trends in Severe Maternal Morbidity After Assisted Reproductive Technology in the United States, 2008–2012. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(1):59–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Haas J, Baum M, Meridor K, Hershko-Klement A, Elizur Shai, Hourvitz A, Orvieto R, Yinon Y. Is severe OHSS associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes? Evidence from a case–control study. Reprod. Biomed. Online. 2014;29(2):216–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank all patients included in this study.

Funding

None.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Linli Hu and Rui Xie contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Dong Road, Henan, 450052, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China

    Linli Hu, Rui Xie, Mengying Wang & Yingpu Sun

  2. Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Fuqiang Road, Guangdong, 518000, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China

    Rui Xie

Authors
  1. Linli Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rui Xie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mengying Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yingpu Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

LL. H. and R. X. contributed to the study design, data analysis and manuscript preparation. R. X. and MY. W. performed the patient recruitment and data collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linli Hu.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate

The study received approval and was carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines of the Zhengzhou University Research Ethics Board.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hu, L., Xie, R., Wang, M. et al. Patients with IVF complicated by moderate-to-critical OHSS experience increased thrombosis, GDM and neonatal NICU admission but slightly shorter gestation compared with matched IVF counterparts: A retrospective Chinese cohort study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 19, 8 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-020-00678-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-020-00678-w

Keywords

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology

ISSN: 1477-7827

Contact us