Skip to main content
Download PDF

Mild ovarian stimulation with letrozole plus fixed dose human menopausal gonadotropin prior to IVF/ICSI for infertile non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome being pre-treated with metformin: a pilot study

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology volume 16, Article number: 89 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Letrozole is widely employed as ovulation induction agent in women with PCOS, but its use in mild stimulation (MS) protocols for IVF is limited. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of a MS protocol with letrozole plus hMG in non-obese PCOS women undergoing IVF after a metformin pre-treatment.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the data of 125 non-obese PCOS undergoing MS with letrozole plus hMG, 150 IU as starting dose, (group 1, N = 80) compared to those undergoing a conventional IVF stimulation protocols (CS) (group 2, N = 45) prior to IVF. All patients had received metformin extended release 1200–2000 mg daily for three to six months before IVF. GnRH antagonist was administered in both groups when the leading follicles reached 14 mm.

Results

Both groups were comparable for age, BMI and ovarian reserve markers. Both groups showed lower than expected AFC and AMH values as a consequence of metformin pre-treatment. Letrozole-treated patients required a significantly lower amount of gonadotropins units (p < 0.0001), and showed significantly lower day 5, day 8 and hCG day E2 levels compared to patients undergoing the CS protocol (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.001 respectively). The oocyte yield, in terms of total (6, IQR 3, vs 6, IQR 4 respectively,) and MII oocytes (5, IQR 3, vs 5, IQR 3, respectively) number, did not differ among groups; the number of total (3, IQR 2, vs 3, IQR 1 respectively) and good quality embryos (2, IQR1 vs 2, IQR 1,5 respectively) obtained was comparable as well in the two groups. The number of fresh transfers was significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (80% vs 60%, p = 0.016). A trend for higher cumulative clinical pregnancy rate was found in women undergoing MS compared to CS (42.5%vs 24,4%, p = 0.044), but the study was not powered to detect this difference.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that the use of letrozole as adjuvant treatment to MS protocols for IVF may be an effective alternative to CS protocols for non-obese PCOS patients pre-treated with metformin, as it provides comparable IVF outcome without requiring high FSH dose, and avoiding supraphysiological estradiol levels.

Background

Mild ovarian stimulation (MS) for in vitro fertilization (IVF) consists in the administration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) at lower dose and/or for a shorter duration, in a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-antagonist co-treated cycle, with or without the concomitant use of oral compounds, antiestrogens or aromatase inhibitors (AI), with the aim of collecting fewer oocytes [1]. It is intended to offer a safer, cost-effective, patient-friendly protocol in which the risks of treatment are minimized [2], and in which the benefits are grossly comparable to those provided by conventional IVF stimulation protocols (CS). Relevant to this point, studies have demonstrated that increasing the FSH may not improve the IVF outcome, since there is no direct relationship between FSH dose and embryo quality [3], and the number of euploid embryos don’t differ when MS or conventional ovarian stimulation protocols are employed [4].

Letrozole, together with clomiphene citrate, is one of the mostly used oral compounds in MS protocols, and is preferred to anastrazole due to its higher in vitro inhibitory effect on the enzyme aromatase and reduction of estrogen plasma levels [5]. Letrozole has been also utilized in ovulation induction cycles in clomiphene-resistant women with PCOS, without impacting the endometrial thickness despite the reduced total and per follicle estrogen levels on the day of hCG administration [6]; when compared to clomiphene citrate, it improves pregnancy and live birth rates in subfertile women with anovulatory PCOS [7].

Despite being promising as ovulation induction agent, letrozole has drawn limited attention as adjuvant treatment to MS protocols for IVF/ICSI cycles, as it doesn’t appear to significantly improve pregnancy rates compared to the standard controlled ovarian stimulation protocols [8, 9]. As far as we could know, no study has been drawn to evaluate its use in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF.

Aim of this pilot study was, therefore, to evaluate the feasibility of a MS protocol with letrozole plus hMG in non-obese infertile women with PCOS candidates to IVF/ICSI.

Methods

Patients

Among all infertile women with PCOS referred to our Reproductive Unit for couple infertility from January 2014 to December 2017, we retrospectively evaluated those who satisfied the following entry criteria: having received a MS protocol with letrozole plus hMG or a CS with hMG alone in a GnRH antagonist co-treated IVF/ICSI cycle, and having received metformin in the preceding three to six months (see below). Exclusion criteria were age > 40 years, BMI > 26 kg/cm2, thyroid dysfunction, pituitary tumors, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal tumors, Cushing syndrome, androgen-secreting tumors, moderate-to-severe endometriosis. Diagnosis of PCOS was based on the NIH 2012 extension of ESHRE/ASRM 2003 criteria [10].

12 patients in MS group (15%) and 6 (13,3%) in the CS group had an history of IUI cycles (1–3 cycles). None had a previous IVF cycle. Indication to IVF are displayed in Table 1. Since the IUI cycles were performed in other centers before metformin pre-treatment, we did not take into account the previous response to gonadotropin treatment when setting the FSH starting dose.

Table 1 Comparison of clinical parameters in patients stratified in two groups according to stimulation protocol (letrozole plus HMG or HMG-only)
Full size table

Before being enrolled for the IVF/ICSI program, all patients received a three to six months pre-treatment with metformin extended release (Glucophage Unidie, Bruno Farmaceutici Italy) 1200–2000 mg daily, in order to reduce the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and to suppress the excessive ovarian production of androgens [11]. Obese patients were invited to lose weight by following a hypocaloric low glycemic index diet and exercise; patients whose BMI remained higher than 26 were excluded by the study.

In order to assess eligibility to IVF/ICSI, all patients underwent a careful physical examination, including height and weight measurement. Antral follicle count (AFC) was evaluated in the early follicular phase (day 2–5) by transvaginal ultrasound. Blood tests were performed on day 2 to assess basal FSH, LH, Estradiol (E2) and antimullerian hormone (AMH) serum levels. Endometrial thickness was evaluated by ultrasound.

Ovarian stimulation protocol and study design

125 patients that met the entry criteria were divided in two groups according to the received stimulation protocol: group 1 comprised 80 patients who received Letrozole (Ramates, Just Pharma, Rome, Italy) 2,5 mg daily starting from day 2 through day 6 of the menstrual cycle, plus hMG (Meropur, Ferring Italy) administered at a fixed-dose of 150 IU starting from day 3 to day 6 with further dose adjustments, while group 2 patients comprised 45 women who underwent an individualized, tailored hMG dose regimen starting from day 2 onwards, the starting dose being set according to a nomogram based on patients age, AFC and AMH [12]. The resulting mean ± SD starting dose was 182,22 IU/die ± 14,73 (range 100–300) IU/die. Allocation to treatment groups was determined by patients willingness to receive letrozole: some general practitioners dissuaded their patients from taking letrozole due to the recommendation against its use in premenopausal women provided in the drug label. All patients from group 1 gave written informed consent to the off-label use of letrozole in IVF.

In both groups a GnRH antagonist, Ganirelix acetate (Orgalutran, Merck Sharp & Dohme, UK), was started once the leading follicle(s) reached 14 mm in diameter. Serial ultrasound examination and evaluation of serum E2 levels were used to assess follicular maturation and endometrial thickness. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 7.500 to 10.000 IU s.c. was administered when at least two follicles reached a mean diameters of 18 mm. Progesterone level was assessed at hCG day.

IVF or ICSI was performed as clinically appropriate, with embryo transfer performed either in day 3 or in day 5, since no superiority of blastocyst compared to cleavage-state embryo transfer has been demonstrated [13]. Patients were eligible for frozen embryo transfer when serum progesterone (P) level was higher than 1.75 ng/ml [14] and/or E2 level was higher than 3500 pg/ml on hCG day. Luteal phase was supported by vaginal micronized progesterone 600 mg/day (Progeffik, Effik Italy).

Statistical analysis

Since the observed variables did not follow a normal distribution according to one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the differences in clinical parameters and in IVF outcome in patients stratified in two groups according to the stimulation protocol were evaluated by two-sided Mann Whitney U test for continuous variables, by chi square for categorical variables, and by z-test for proportions.

Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 for all analyses. All computations were performed using SPSS for Windows.

IRB approval

The present study was approved by the local IRB (IEC Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Bari, register number 4990, April 5, 2016).

Results

Patients clinical parameters are summarized in Table 1. Both groups were comparable for age, BMI and ovarian reserve markers.

Table 2 display the stimulation and IVF outcome variables obtained to both group of patients. Group 1 patients required a significantly lower amount of gonadotropins units, and showed significantly lower day 5, day 8 and hCG day E2 levels compared to group 2 (Fig. 1). This difference in E2 level, however, did not affect the number of maturing follicles (Table 3), which were comparable among groups.

Table 2 Stimulation and IVF outcome variables of PCOS patients under letrozole plus HMG or HMG-only stimulation protocol
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Serum estradiol levels during ovarian stimulation protocol in patients with PCOS receiving letrozole plus fixed-dose hMG (Group 1) or tailored dose hMG (Group 2). A – C: Box plot displaying the estradiol levels in stimulation day 5 (A), 8 (B) and at hCG day (C). D: area graph displaying the dynamic of estradiol levels rise during ovarian stimulation in the two groups of patients. * = p < 0.0001

Full size image
Table 3 Ovarian follicles behavior under letrozole plus HMG or HMG-only stimulation protocol
Full size table

The use of letrozole did not impact on progesterone levels (at hCG day) and on endometrial thickness, both resulting comparable among groups; on the other hand, MS with letrozole resulted in an higher percentage of fresh cycles compared to the CS protocol (80 vs 60%, p = 0.016). In the MS group, the freeze-all policy was applied to 16 patients (20%): in 9 cases for elevated E2 levels, in 5 cases for P rise, in 2 patients for both factors. In the CS group, the freeze-all strategy was applied to 18 patients (40%): 11 cases for high E2 levels, in 4 cases for P rise, in 3 cases for both reasons. 6 patients (7%) in MS group and 12 (26,6%) in the CS group (p-value = 0 .0036) received a GnRH agonist trigger (0,3 mg of triptorelin) to prevent OHSS. No patient from both groups needed hospitalization for OHSS.

The oocyte yield, in terms of total and MII oocytes number, did not differ among groups; the number of total and good quality embryos obtained was comparable as well in the two groups.

The clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) in fresh transfers did not differ among groups; only a trend for higher cumulative CPR was observed in group 1 compared to group 2 (critical z 1.9599640, 1-β 0.55).

No side effects were reported by patients who received Letrozole.

Discussion

The results of this pilot study suggest that a mild stimulation protocol with Letrozole may represent an effective alternative to standard IVF stimulation protocols for non-obese PCOS women pre-treated with metformin, as it provides a comparable IVF outcome to the standard GnRH antagonist protocol, with the advantage of reducing the FSH dose, lowering the estradiol levels under stimulation, and reducing the need of embryo cryopreservation to prevent OHSS.

It has been proposed that the major advantage of using MS protocols is to allow the development of the healthier follicles with more competent eggs, given that higher gonadotropins dose may disrupt the physiologic hormonal milieu inside the follicles [15]. Indeed, earlier studies suggest that CS protocols may have a negative impact on the developmental and implantation potential of human embryos [reviewed in 2]. These results were challenged by other studies demonstrating that the degree of exposure to exogenous gonadotropins did not significantly modify the likelihood of blastocyst aneuploidy in patients with a normal ovarian response to stimulation [16]; relevantly, those earlier results were obtained from the analysis of cleavage stage embryos, so that the embryos aneuploidy rates were artificially increased by the inclusion of mosaic embryos with likely innate abilities to self-correct downstream beyond blastocyst stage (reviewed in [17]).

It has to be highlighted that the patients enrolled in the present study displayed lower than expected AFC and AMH values. The median AFC found in our patients was comparable, while the median AMH was slightly higher, than that of an age-matched cohort of 5705 women comprising poor, normal and hyperresponders, [18]. It has to be pointed out, however, that AMH and AFC values were obtained at the end of metformin treatment and before the start of the stimulation protocols: since metformin has been found to significantly reduce both AMH and AFC in PCOS patients [19] we hypothesize that the resulting AFC and AMH values are the consequence of metformin treatment. The mechanism trough which metformin reduces AFC and AMH hasn’t been fully clarified to date, although the demonstrated effect on metformin in reducing the number of primary, preantral and atretic follicles while increasing that of antral follicles by angiogenic factors levels restoration [20] could explain this finding. Also the low number of oocytes obtained in both groups may be explained by the lower AFC and AMH values than expected in PCOS patients. Still the number of MII oocytes was extremely variable in both groups, ranging from 2 to 12 and from 2 to 14 in both groups respectively (Table 2), this variability being probably due to the wide age range of patients enrolled in the study (24–40 and 27–40 respectively, Table 1).

MS protocols may also improve/optimize the endometrial receptivity by lowering the estradiol levels [15]. It has been demonstrated that supraphysiologic estradiol levels may impact on the endometrial receptivity [21, 22]. Recent large-sample studies has even found that supraphysiologic estradiol levels may expose the offspring to an higher risk of low birth weight [23,24,25].

Although MS cannot be used as first line protocol for every patient [8, 17], the present study is suggestive for its preferable employment in non-obese PCOS patients pretreated with metformin, as it provided a comparable IVF outcome to CS despite significantly lower estradiol-to-follicles and estradiol-to-MII oocytes ratios (Table 2), suggesting that higher estradiol levels are unneeded when letrozole is employed. The reason for this finding could be explained by the dynamics of androgen secretion following letrozole administration.

Letrozole plays its role by inhibiting the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes 2A6 and 2C19 of the aromatase enzyme complex, resulting in a release of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis from estrogenic negative feedback and, consequently, in stronger GnRH pulses and FSH secretion rise, with the consequential stimulating effect on the growth of ovarian follicles [26]. In addition, the increase of intra-ovarian androgens, secondary to aromatase inhibition, augments the follicular sensitivity to FSH and enhances the early follicular growth. Several studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between androgen receptor (AR) mRNA and FSH receptor (FSHr) in granulosa cells, as well as the priming effect of androgens on FSHr expression modulated by the enhanced AR expression (reviewed in [27]). The relationship between AR and FSHr in granulosa cells is amplified in PCOS patients [28]. Moreover, androgens have been found to attenuate follicular atresia through nuclear and extranuclear signaling pathway by enhancing the expression of the microRNA miR-125b [29]. When Letrozole is administered in the early follicular phase, an increased expression of FSHrs together with an higher FSH release from the pituitary is expected, resulting in increased androgen pool which prevent follicular atresia. High androgen levels could, therefore, promote follicular growth in the early follicular phase in a way that could be independent, to a certain extent, from estradiol level. Indeed, at that stage the estradiol levels were very low in letrozole-treated patients compared to controls (Table 2). Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that lower estradiol levels in the early follicular phase don’t affect the follicular development [30]. Conversely, when follicles growth proceeds, the role of androgens in follicular growth begins negligible; indeed, a lower expression of the AR gene in human GC in the large pre-ovulatory follicles compared to small ones have been reported [28, 31].

Another potentially beneficial effect of using the present MS protocol for IVF in non-obese PCOS women is the lower need to proceed with embryo cryopreservation to prevent OHSS compared to controls. It has been suggested that reducing the need of frozen embryo transfer could have a beneficial impact on the perinatal outcome of IVF singletons [32, 33], as embryo cryopreservation may promote alteration of DNA methylation reprogramming enzymes [34].

Letrozole is still contraindicated in premenopausal women due to the results of a follow up study, presented at the 2005 ASRM meeting but never published on a peer reviewed journal, on 150 babies born to women who took letrozole for ovulation induction, showing that cardiac and locomotor anomalies were overrepresented in the letrozole babies compared with the control group of normal fertile women Indeed, a further multicentre study demonstrated that the major malformation rate was lower in letrozole group compared to clomiphene citrate group, with the incidence of cardiac anomalies being seven times lower compared to clomiphene [35]. Recently, letrozole has been even found to significantly decrease the risk of miscarriage, without increasing the risk of major congenital anomalies or adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcomes, when compared with natural cycles in patients undergoing ART [36]. Still, as no therapeutic indication has been listed for ovulation induction or IVF in the letrozole package information, and the recommendation against its use in premenopausal women persists, obtaining IRB approvals for clinical trials aiming at evaluating the use of letrozole in MS-IVF protocols remains challenging.

The present study has some limitations. Data have been retrospectively evaluated, however since all data were stored in a database management system being in use to the IVF unit, no data was missed. The study sample size, although large enough to reject the null hypothesis in some comparisons (see Tables 2-3), is too small to allow generalization of our findings with regards to the IVF outcome. It has to be highlighted, furthermore, that the results of the present study may apply only to non-obese PCOS women pre-treated with metformin for at least three months, in view of the lower than expected AFC and AMH values observed in our patients.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the present study suggests that the use of letrozole as adjuvant treatment to mild stimulation protocols for IVF may be a safe and cost-effective an effective alternative to standard ovarian stimulation protocols for non-obese PCOS patients undergoing metformin pre-treatment, as it provides comparable IVF outcome without requiring high FSH dose, and avoids supraphysiological estradiol levels, which may be detrimental to the developmental and implantation potential of embryos.

Abbreviations

AFC:

Antral follicle count

AMH:

Anti mullerian hormone

CS:

Conventional IVF stimulation protocols

E2:

Estradiol

GnRH:

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

hCG:

Human chorionic gonadotropin

HMG:

Human menopausal gonadotropin

ICSI:

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

IVF:

In vitro fertilization

MII:

Metaphase II

MS:

Mild stimulation

OHSS:

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

PCOS:

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

References

  1. Nargund G, Fauser BC, Macklon NS, Ombelet W, Nygren K, Frydman R. Rotterdam ISMAAR consensus group on terminology for ovarian stimulation for IVF. The ISMAAR proposal on terminology for ovarian stimulation for IVF. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:2801–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Verberg MFG, Macklon NS, Nargund G, Frydman R, Devroey P, Broekmans FJ, Fauser BCJM. Mild ovarian stimulation for IVF. Hum Reprod Update. 2009;15:13–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Arce JC, Andersen AN, Fernández-Sánchez M, Visnova H, Bosch E, García-Velasco JA, Barri P, de Sutter P, Klein BM, Fauser BC. Ovarian response to recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone: a randomized, antimüllerian hormone-stratified, dose-response trial in women undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril. 2014;102:1633–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Baart EB, Martini E, Eijkemans MJ, Van Opstal D, Beckers NG, Verhoeff A, Macklon NS, Fauser BC. Milder ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization reduces aneuploidy in the human preimplantation embryo: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(4):980–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bhatnagar AS, Hausler A, Schieweck K, Lang M, Bowman R. Highly selective inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis by CGS 20267, a new non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1990;37:1021–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mitwally MFM, Casper RF. Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril. 2000;75:305–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Franik S, Kremer JAM, Nelen WLDM, Farquhar C. Aromatase inhibitors for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2:CD010287.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Papanikolaou EG, Polyzos NP, Humaidan P, Pados G, Bosch E, Tournaye H, Tarlatzis B. Aromatase inhibitors in stimulated IVF cycles. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2011;9:85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Haas J, Casper RF. In vitro fertilization with the use of clomiphene citrate or letrozole. Fertil Steril. 2017;108:568–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. National Institutes of Health. Evidence-based methodology workshop on polycystic ovary syndrome, December 3–5, 2012. Executive summary. Available at: https://prevention.nih.gov/docs/programs/pcos/FinalReport.pdf

  11. Tso LO, Costello MF, Albuquerque LE, Andriolo RB, Macedo CR. Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;11:CD006105.

    Google Scholar 

  12. La Marca A, Sunkara SK. Individualization of controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF using ovarian reserve markers: from theory to practice. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20:124–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Martins WP, Nastri CO, Rienzi L, van der Poel SZ, Gracia C, Racowsky C. Blastocyst vs cleavage-state embryo transfer: systematic review and meta-analysis of reproductive outcomes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49:583–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Venetis CA, Kolibianakis EM, Bosdou JK, Tarlatzis BC. Progesterone elevation and probability of pregnancy after IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 60 000 cycles. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19:433–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nargund G, Kumar Datta A, Fauser BCJM. Mild stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2017;108:558–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sekhon L, Shaia K, Santistevan A, Cohn KH, Lee JA, Beim PY, Copperman AB. The cumulative dose of gonadotropins used for controlled ovarian stimulation does not influence the odds of embryonic aneuploidy in patients with normal ovarian response. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2017;34:749–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Orvieto R, Vanni VS, Gleicher N. The myths surrounding mild stimulation in vitro fertilization (IVF). Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2017;15:48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Broer SL, van Disseldorp J, Broeze KA, Dolleman M, Opmeer BC, Bossuyt P, Eijkemans MJ, Mol BW, Broekmans FJ. IMPORT study group. Added value of ovarian reserve testing on patient characteristics in the prediction of ovarian response and ongoing pregnancy: an individual patient data approach. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19:26–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Piltonen T, Morin-Papunen L, Koivunen R, Perheentupa A, Ruokonen A, Tapanainen JS. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels remain high until late reproductive age and decrease during metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:1820–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Di Pietro M, Parborell F, Irusta G, Pascuali N, Bas D, Bianchi MS, Tesone M, Abramovich D. Metformin regulates ovarian angiogenesis and follicular development in a female polycystic ovary syndrome rat model. Endocrinology. 2015;156:1453–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Haouzi D, Assou S, Dechanet C, Anahory T, Dechaud H, De Vos J, et al. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization alters endometrial receptivity in humans: protocol effects. Biol Reprod. 2010;82:679–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang Y, Chen Q, Zhang H, Wang Q, Li R, Jin Y, Wang H, Ma T, Qiao J, Duan E. Aquaporin-dependent excessive intrauterine fluid accumulation is a major contributor in hyper-estrogen induced aberrant embryo implantation. Cell Res. 2015;25:139–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pereira N, Elias RT, Christos PJ, Petrini AC, Hancock K, Lekvich JP, Rosenwaks Z. Supraphysiologic estradiol is an independent predictor of low birth weight in full-term singletons born after fresh embryo transfer. Hum Reprod. 2017;13:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Liu S, Kuang Y, Wu Y, Feng Y, Lyu Q, Wang L, Sun Y, Sun X. High oestradiol concentration after ovarian stimulation is associated with lower maternal serum beta-hCG concentration and neonatal birth weight. Reprod BioMed Online. 2017;35:189–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Imudia A, Awonuga AO, Doyle JO, Kaimal AJ, Wright DL, Toth TL, Styer AK. Peak serum estradiol level during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is associated with increased risk of small for gestational age and preeclampsia in singleton pregnancies after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:1374–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Casper RF, Mitwally MFM. Review: aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:760–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Dewailly D, Robin G, Peigne M, Decanter C, Pigny P, Catteau-Jonard S. Interactions between androgens, FSH, anti-Müllerian hormone and estradiol during folliculogenesis in the human normal and polycystic ovary. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22:709–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Catteau-Jonard S, Jamin SP, Leclerc A, Gonzales J, Dewailly D, di Clemente N. Anti-Mullerian hormone, its receptor, FSH receptor, and androgen receptor genes are overexpressed by granulosa cells from stimulated follicles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4456–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sen A, Prizant H, Light A, Biswas A, Hayes E, Lee H-J, Barad D, Gleicher N, Hammes SR. Androgens regulate ovarian follicular development by increasing follicle stimulating hormone receptor and microRNA-125b expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:3008–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Kolibianakis EM, Albano C, Camus M, Tournaye H, Van Steirteghem AC, Devroey P. Initiation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist on day 1 as compared to day 6 of stimulation: effect on hormonal levels and follicular development in in vitro fertilization cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5632–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Prizant H, Gleicher N, Sen A. Androgen actions in the ovary: balance is key. J Endocrinol. 2014;222:R141–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Nelissen EC, Van Montfoort AP, Coonen E, Derhaag JG, Geraedts JP, Smiths LJ, Land JA, Evers JL, Dumoulin JC. Further evidence that culture media affect perinatal outcome: findings after transfer of fresh and cryopreserved embryos. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:1966–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Korosec S, Frangez HB, Steblovnik L, Verdenik I, Bokal EV. Independent factors influencing large-for-gestation birth weight in singletons born after in vitro fertilization. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2016;33:9–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Petrussa L, Van de Velde H, De Rycke M. Dynamic regulation of DNA methyltransferases in human oocytes and preimplantation embryos after assisted reproductive technologies. Mol Hum Reprod. 2014;20:861–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tulandi T, Martin J, Al-Fadhli R, Kabli N, Forman R, Hitkari J, Librach C, Greenblatt E, Casper RF. Congenital malformations among 911 newborns conceived after infertility treatment with letrozole or clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:1761–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Tatsumi T, Jwa SC, Kuwahara A, Irahara M, Kubota T, Saito H. No increased risk of major congenital anomalies or adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcomes following letrozole use in assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod. 2017;32:125–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We grateful acknowledge the Reviewers for their thoughtful and detailed comments that significantly helped us in improving the manuscript quality.

Availability of data and materials

The dataset used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Asl Bari, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Reproductive and IVF Unit, Conversano, BA, Italy

    Giuseppe D’Amato, Anna Maria Caringella, Antonio Stanziano, Clementina Cantatore, Simone Palini & Ettore Caroppo

  2. ASL Bari, PTA “F Jaia”, Fisiopatologia della Riproduzione Umana e P.M.A, via de Amicis 30, 70014, Conversano, BA, Italy

    Ettore Caroppo

Authors
  1. Giuseppe D’Amato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anna Maria Caringella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Antonio Stanziano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Clementina Cantatore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Simone Palini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ettore Caroppo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

GD: conception and design of the study. AMC: performed the research and acquired the data. AS: performed the research. CC: performed the research. SP: collected all the embryological data. EC: study design, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript drafting. Each Author gave final approval of the version to be published.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ettore Caroppo.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the local IRB (IEC Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Bari, register number 4990, April 5, 2016). All patients gave their written consent to the anonymous collection of their data.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

D’Amato, G., Caringella, A.M., Stanziano, A. et al. Mild ovarian stimulation with letrozole plus fixed dose human menopausal gonadotropin prior to IVF/ICSI for infertile non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome being pre-treated with metformin: a pilot study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 16, 89 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0405-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0405-3

Keywords

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology

ISSN: 1477-7827

Contact us