Table 1 Studies of ITT cryopreservation through CSF and vitrification
| Â | Reference | ITT Samples | Experimental design | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CSF | Shinohara et al. [10] 2002 | Mice or rabbits | Xenograft/isograft (to mice) | Offspring production occurred in both mouse and rabbit testicular pieces |
Wyns et al. [22] 2007 | Human | Xenograft (to mice) | The survival and proliferation of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells were observed | |
Wyns et al. [23] 2008 | Human | Xenograft (to mice) | Spermatogonia could survive and proliferate but could not complete the spermatogenesis | |
Abrishami et al. [54] 2010 | Piglets | Xenograft (to mice) | Tissue fragments exhibited spermatogenesis when cryopreserved with glycerol | |
Fayomi et al. [11] 2019 | Rhesus macaques (NHP) | Autograft | The first offspring of primate was produced | |
Rives-Feraille et al. [31] 2022 | Human | In vitro observation after thawing | The ITT structure remained intact, and DNA expression resembled that of fresh tissue | |
Vitrification | Poels et al. [32] 2012 | Macaca mulatta (NHP) | Xenograft (to mice) | The structural integrity and function of tissue was comparable to fresh one |
Kaneko et al. [12] 2013 | Piglets | Xenograft (to mice) | Mature sperm were seen and the offspring of piglets were produced | |
Yamini et al. [34] 2016 | Mice | Allograft | The recovery rate and germ cell differentiation of the graft were similar to the fresh tissue | |
Radaelli et al. [33] 2017 | Mice | In vitro observation after thawing | The tissue exhibited intact morphology and minimal cryodamage with reduced cryoprotectant exposure | |
Lu et al. [13] 2022 | Mice | Isograft | Spermatogenesis was observed, and tissue integrity resembled that of fresh tissue | |
Comparison | Curaba et al. [35] 2011 | Human | In vitro culture | SSV and CSF had similar success rates for preserving tissue, based on morphology |
Poels et al. [14] 2013 | Human | Xenograft (to mice) | The recovery rate of spermatogonia was faster in vitrification | |
Pukazhenthi et al. [36] 2015 | Lambs | Xenograft (to mice) | CSF was significantly better in preserving cellular integrity and function |