Table 2 Comparison of parameters among three groups categorized by tertile of NE in the cohort study

Anthropometric parameters

 Age (years)

30.81 ± 4.53

30.55 ± 4.44

30.04 ± 4.38

0.052

 Parity (n, %)

0.445

  Nulliparous

65 (42.2)

43 (31.4)

66 (35.3)

  Parous

89 (57.8)

94 (68.6)

121 (64.7)

 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

21.79 ± 3.10

22.04 ± 3.33

22.21 ± 3.54

0.810

First trimester

 Gestation weeks

11.00 ± 3.43

10.96 ± 3.13

11.04 ± 3.16

0.222

 SBP (mmHg)

116.68 ± 10.58

115.51 ± 10.05

117.45 ± 11.30

0.220

 DBP (mmHg)

70.84 ± 8.10

69.56 ± 8.78

72.56 ± 8.79

0.011

 Weight (kg)

58.21 ± 8.79

57.62 ± 8.72

58.30 ± 9.07

0.682

 Height (cm)

1.61 ± 0.04

1.60 ± 0.05

1.60 ± 0.06

0.015

 WBC (× 10⁹/L)

8.05 ± 1.72

8.80 ± 1.85

9.12 ± 2.21

< 0.001

 Neutrophils (× 10⁹/L)

5.90 ± 1.33

6.46 ± 1.36

6.69 ± 1.44

< 0.001

 ALT (U/L)

10.00 (8.00–15.00)

10.00 (8.00–15.00)

11.00 (8.00–15.00)

0.983

 BUN (mmol/L)

2.40 (2.10–3.00)

2.63 ± 0.72

2.66 ± 0.67

0.160

 SCR (umol/L)

50.21 ± 8.52

51.22 ± 9.79

52.17 ± 8.68

0.083

 TC (mmol/L)

4.44 ± 0.83

4.48 ± 0.75

4.57 ± 0.85

0.424

 TG (mmol/L)

1.53 ± 0.75

1.50 ± 0.58

1.57 ± 0.63

0.411

 HDL (mmol/L)

1.82 ± 0.36

1.84 ± 0.34

1.83 ± 0.37

0.664

 LDL (mmol/L)

2.39 ± 0.71

2.46 ± 0.62

2.56 ± 0.68

0.141

 FPG (mmol/L)

4.45 ± 0.38

4.36 ± 0.34

4.40 ± 0.51

0.095

 eGFR (CDK-EPI) (mL/min/1.73m²)

125.13 ± 9.59

124.32 ± 11.48

123.52 ± 9.49

0.305

 eGFR (MDRD) (mL/min/1.73m²)

135.00 (118.25–156.75)

135.00 (112.50–157.00)

130.50 (112.00–152.00)

0.143

Second trimester

 Gestation weeks

25.81 ± 1.62

25.96 ± 1.56

25.88 ± 1.24

0.542

 FPG (mmol/L)

4.38 ± 0.38

4.48 ± 0.48

4.47 ± 0.50

0.656

 1 h PG (mmol/L)

7.31 ± 1.73

7.56 ± 2.29

7.78 ± 1.78

0.043

 2 h PG (mmol/L)

6.17 ± 1.32

6.62 ± 1.76

6.50 ± 1.38

0.090

 OGTT area

12.57 ± 2.27

13.05 ± 3.13

13.23 ± 2.43

0.067

 WBC (× 10⁹/L)

9.00 ± 1.95

9.44 ± 2.18

10.07 ± 2.33

< 0.001

 Neutrophils (× 10⁹/L)

6.50 ± 1.68

7.02 ± 1.94

7.51 ± 1.96

< 0.001

Third trimester

 Delivery time (weeks)

39.1 ± 1.26

39.0 ± 1.49

38.7 ± 1.64

0.274

 HBA1C (%)

5.26 ± 0.34

5.15 ± 0.40

5.18 ± 0.35

0.719

 FPG (mmol/L)

4.24 ± 0.59

4.09 ± 0.55

4.16 ± 0.90

0.396

 Weight (kg)

70.46 ± 8.18

69.84 ± 8.86

70.03 ± 9.54

0.477

 Weight gain (kg)

12.18 ± 4.58

12.62 ± 5.01

11.96 ± 4.57

0.876

Pregnancy outcomes

 GDM women (n, %)

18 (18.8)

32 (33.3)

46 (47.9)

< 0.001

 Birth length (cm)

49.75 ± 0.96

49.76 ± 1.18

49.47 ± 2.09

0.708

 Newborn weight (kg)

3.30 (3.03–3.52)

3.30 (3.05–3.57)

3.26 (3.01–3.55)

0.988

 Macrosomia (n, %)

0.110

  No

117 (97.5)

99 (91.7)

137 (95.8)

  Yes

3 (2.5)

9 (8.3)

6 (4.2)

 Fetus gender (n, %)

0.156

  Male

63 (52.5)

43 (39.8)

65 (45.5)

  Female

57 (47.5)

65 (60.2)

78 (54.5)

 Comprehensive adverse fetal outcomes (n, %)

0.016

  No

113 (94.2)

92 (85.2)

124 (86.7)

  Yes

7 (5.8)

16 (14.8)

19 (13.3)

 Cesarean section (n, %)

0.432

  No

80 (66.7)

64 (59.3)

95 (66.4)

  Yes

40 (33.3)

44 (40.7)

48 (33.6)