Fig. 1

Proteomic analysis comparing the recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and control groups. A Two-dimensional scatter plot of principal component analysis (PCA) results. Samples in the control group (n = 4) and the RIF group (n = 3) are represented by blue dots and orange dots, respectively. B Hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed proteins. Rows in the heatmap correspond to differentially expressed proteins, and columns correspond to samples. Samples in the control group and the RIF group are highlighted in blue and orange, respectively. C Volcano plot of all expressed proteins. Differentially expressed proteins with upregulated and downregulated expression with p < 0.05 and fold change ≥ 1.2 are highlighted in blue and red, respectively. D Functional enrichment results of differentially expressed proteins, including GO category: biological process, cellular components and molecular function. The x-axis represents GO terms, and the y-axis represents the number and percent of differentially expressed proteins. GO terms related to DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication are highlighted in red circles. E KEGG pathway analysis showed that the top 20 ranking pathways related to DNA replication are highlighted in red circles. F The PPI network of the top 25 proteins in connectivity was constructed using Cytoscape. TOP2A is highlighted in red circle