Fig. 1

Expression of M1 and M2 markers after 24 h of polarization with differentiation factors. (a) mRNA expression levels of M1 markers (IL-1β and TNF-α). (b) mRNA expression levels of M2 markers (CCL18 and CCL22). The relative fold change in gene expression was calculated using 2^−ΔΔCt method and normalized with the housekeeping gene GAPDH. Results are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3, in triplicate). Statistical analysis was based on one-way ANOVA, followed by a post hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. ns: not significant. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 or p < **** 0.0001: significantly different from the control (M0). ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 or p < #### 0.0001: significantly different between M1 versus M2