Fig. 1

X) Sperm concentration Y) Progressive sperm motility W) normal sperm morphology and Z) testicular volume in the different groups of patients according to different treatment modalities. Statistically significant differences between hormonal treatment alone and combined hormonal therapy plus surgery vs. no treated patients were found for sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology. Conversely all the treatments adopted seemed to be efficient for progressive sperm motility maintenance. No significant differences for testicular volume were found between the groups