Table 1 Effects of MSTN in the female reproductive system
From: Myostatin: a multifunctional role in human female reproduction and fertility – a short review
Function | Model | Treatment | Main Results (Ref.) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ovary | Physiological | Ovarian steroidogenesis | Human granulosa cells | SVOG cells: 30 ng/mL rhMSTN | Steroidogenic acute regulatory ↓ [69] |
hGL cells: recombinant human MSTN | Estradiol production ↑ [72] | ||||
Cytochrome P450 aromatase ↑ [72] | |||||
FSH receptor levels ↑ [72] | |||||
Progesterone production ↓ [72] | |||||
Cell responsiveness to luteinizing hormone ↓ [72] | |||||
LH receptor levels ↓ [72] | |||||
Bovine granulosa cells | Granulosa: MSTN (100 ng/ml) | Basal CYP19A1 expression and estradiol secretion ↑ [73] | |||
Cell number ↑ [73] | |||||
Basal and FSH-induced HSD3B1 expression and progesterone secretion ↓ [73] | |||||
Bovine theca cells | Theca cells: MSTN (100 ng/ml) | Basal and LH-stimulated androgen secretion ↓ [73] | |||
Proliferation of granule-cell | Human granulosa cells | SVOG cells: 30 ng/ml recombinant human MSTN | Expression of CTGF ↑ [76] | ||
Granulosa cell proliferation ↓ [76] | |||||
ECM formation | Human granulosa cells | SVOG cells: MSTN (30 ng/ml) | LOX expression and activity ↑ [86] | ||
SVOG cells: MSTN (1/10/100 ng/ml) | Secretion of CTGF ↑ [86] | ||||
Oocyte maturation | Porcine oocyte | During the entire IVM of COCs: 1.3 ng/mL MSTN | Mature oocyte quality ↑ [94] | ||
Modulate phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase [94] | |||||
Modulate intracellular glutathione and ROS levels [94] | |||||
COC expansion | Human granulosa cells | SVOG cells: recombinant human MSTN (1/10/ 100 ng/ml) | PTX3 expression and secretion ↓ [68] | ||
Pathological | OHSS | Human granulosa- lutein cells | hGL cells: MSTN (100 ng/mL) | Aromatase expression ↑ [104] | |
Human follicular fluid | OHSS patients' follicular fluid and granulosa cells | MSTN level ↑ [104] | |||
PCOS | Human | PCOS patients’ granulosa cells | MSTN level ↑ [186] | ||
PCOS patients’ serum and follicular fluid | MSTN level↑ [127] | ||||
Placenta | Physiological | Glucose uptake | Human placental explants | Human term placental explants: MSTN (1 mg/ml) | Deoxyglucose absorption ↑ [146] |
Placental cell lines (BeWo) | BeWo cells: MSTN (0.2 nM /0.4 nM/4 nM /40 nM) | Glucose uptake in Bewo Cells ↓ [152] | |||
Placenta development | Mice model | MstnLn/Ln mice treated with recombinant MSTN | TNFα concentrations in plasma ↑ [158] | ||
C2C12 myotubes treated with recombinant MSTN | IL6 expression ↑ [159] | ||||
Human embryonic stem cells | hESC cultured with 20 ng/mL MSTN | Maintain undifferentiated growth of Hes Cells [160] | |||
Cell invasiveness | Human trophoblasts | EVT and HTR8/SVneo cells cultured with MSTN (25 ng/mL) | Expression and synthesis of FSTL3 ↑ [163] | ||
Cell invasiveness ↑ [163] | |||||
Pathological | Pre-eclampsia | Human | Pre-eclamptic women’s serum | MSTN in women with pre-eclampsia ↑ [164] | |
IUGR | Human | Plasma of Presymptomatic Women | Myostatin dimer in placentae ↑ [168] | ||
GDM | Human | Serum of women with GDM | Placental FSTL3 in women with GDM ↓ [171] | ||
Unchanged MSTN Concentration [171] | |||||
Uterus | Physiological | Myometrial cell | Pregnant human myometrial 1 cell line | PHM1 cell line supplemented with 1/10 nM MSTN | Myometrial cell growth ↓ [173] |
Human | Adjacent normal myometrium | Activin a and MSTN exert cytostatic activity on healthy myometrial cells [176] | |||
Pathological | Leiomyoma | Human | Fibroid from women undergoing hysterectomy | Activin a, MSTN, and follistatin-related genes in human leiomyoma ↑ [176] | |
Endometriosis | Human | Serum from women with endometriosis | Follistatin level ↑ [183] | ||
Adenomyosis | Human tissue | Adenomyotic tissues from women undergoing hysterectomy | MSTN, follistatin, and Activin a in adenomyotic tissues ↑ [185] | ||