Fig. 2

PA induces apoptosis and ER stress in MLTC-1 cells. Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of PA (50–400 μM) for 24 h, and cell viability was measured by CCK 8 assay (a). Caspase-3 activity was measured using the Caspase-3 Activity Colorimetric Assay (b). Western blot analysis (c) was performed to detect the relative expression of apoptosis-related BAX (d) and ER stress marker GRP78 (e) and CHOP (f). The proteins expression levels were normalized to β-actin. The statistical analysis results are shown in the bar graphs. The data are represented as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05)