Table 3 Effects of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and drug addiction on hormone levels
Studies in humans | Animal studies | |
|---|---|---|
Tobacco smoking | Increase in liver metabolism of testosterone [24] Reduction of LH and/or FSH levels [34] Increase in concentration of LH and/or FSH [35] | |
Alcohol consumption | Decrease in testosterone levels [58, 59] Increase in FSH, LH, and E2 levels [60] | Decrease in plasma and intra-testicular testosterone in rats [71] |
Drug addiction | ||
Marijuana | Decrease in levels of plasma testosterone [78] Decreased levels of plasma LH, and increased levels of plasma cortisol [81] Increased serum testosterone [82] | Inhibition of LHRH release in rats [92] Decrease in testosterone levels in monkeys [93] |
Cocaine | Increase in LH levels without modifying testosterone following acute administration [97] | Increase in LH levels; No effects on testosterone and estradiol in rats [97] |
Opioids | Inhibition of the pulsatility of GnRH secretion; reduction of LH, FSH and testosterone levels [76] | Reduction of LH, without effect on FSH and testosterone levels in rats [101] |
Amphetamines and Ecstasy | No data available | No effects on LH, FSH, Testosterone levels in male rats [99] |