Effects of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) and its inhibitor, Noggin, on in vitromaturation and culture of bovine preimplantation embryos

Table 3 Effect of BMP4 and Noggin added to in vitro maturation medium on development of parthenogenic and in vitro fertilized embryos

	Treatment	Total	Cleaved (%)	Blastocysts (%)	Hatching blast. (%)	Blastocyst cell number ± sd
	Control	344	190 (55.2)^b	30 (8.7)		100 ± 33
PA	BMP4	274	180 (65.7)^a	22 (8.0)	1(0.4)	88 ± 14
	Noggin	242	158 (65.3)^a	22 (9.0)		68 ± 8
	Control	249	176 (70.7)^α	35 (14.0)	5 (2.0)	90 ± 25
IVF	BMP4	221	160 (72.4)^α	28 (12.6)	4 (1.8)	120 ± 25
	Noggin	234	144 (61.5)^β	31(13.2)	2 (0.8)	99 ± 8

Development of parthenogenic (PA) and in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos produced from oocytes that were matured in the presence of 100 ng/ml of BMP4 or Noggin. Controls were matured in standard medium without supplementation. Different superscripts in PA or IVF indicate statistical differences (Chi-square test, p < 0.05). For blastocyst cell numbers, one-way ANOVA was applied

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