Fig. 1

A-C) Schematic representation of three main types of autophagy process, including chaperone-mediated autophagy (A), microautophagy (B), and macroautophagy (C). HSC70: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; LAMP2A: lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2 A; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; lys-HSC70: lysosomal HSC70; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; ATG: autophagy-related proteins; ULK1: Unc-51-like kinase 1; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PI3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B-light chain 3; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine