From: Spermatozoal sensitive biomarkers to defective protaminosis and fragmented DNA
Assays for the evaluation of sperm chromatin maturity/DNA integrity | Assay Principle | References |
---|---|---|
Single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet Assay) | Single and double-strand breaks, evaluates DNA integrity | [140-142, 152-154] |
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP- nick end labelling – TUNEL | DNA fragmentation, single and double-strand breaks | [22, 23, 80, 175, 183] |
Acridine Orange Technique (AOT) | Distinguish between single and double stranded DNA | [144, 147, 148, 170, 184, 185] |
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) | Acid DNA denaturation | [145, 151] |
In situ nick translation | Single-strand DNA breaks | [19, 143, 150] |
Sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCD) | Determines the susceptibility of sperm DNA to acid denaturation | [163] |
DNA diffusion assay | Alkali-labile sites in alkaline conditions yield low- molecular-weight DNA fragments | [164] |
Acidic Aniline Blue | Stains lysine residues of persisting histones | [60, 166, 167, 169, 170] |
Toluidine blue stain | DNA structure and chromatin packaging, incorporates in the damaged dense chromatin | [165, 185] |
Chromomycin A3 – CMA3 | Indirect visualization of nicked denatured DNA | [149, 171, 172] |