Table 1 Pesticides with known or suspected endocrine disrupting properties, mechanisms and effects on the female reproductive system in experimental animals
From: Pesticide exposure: the hormonal function of the female reproductive system disrupted?
Pesticides | Mechanisms | Effects in experimental animals |
|---|---|---|
Alachlor | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [64] - binding other receptors [81] | - unknown - |
Aldrin | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [55] | - unknown - |
Amitraz | - interference with hormone storage and release [37] | - unknown - |
Atrazine | - interference with hormone synthesis [29] - binding without activating the estrogen receptor [70,71] | - modulation of hormone concentrations [94,95] - ovarian cycle irregularities [109-112,119] |
Diaminochlorotriazine | - binding without activating the estrogen receptor [70,71] | - unknown - |
Dicofol | - unknown - | - impaired fertility [127] |
Dieldrin | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [31,59-61] - binding other receptors [31] | - unknown - |
Biphenol | - binding other receptors [74,79,80] | - unknown - |
Dimethoate | - unknown - | - ovarian cycle irregularities [107,108] |
Carbofuran | - unknown - | - ovarian cycle irregularities [113] |
Chlordecone | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [66] - binding other receptors [66] | - ovarian cycle irregularities [103] - impaired fertility [102,104] |
Chlordimeform | - interference with hormone storage and release [37] | - impaired fertility [123] |
Chlorophenols | - interference with overall metabolic rate [85,86] | - unknown - |
Chlorophenoxy acids | - interference with overall metabolic rate [85,86] | - unknown - |
DDT analogs | - interference with hormone transport and clearance [47] - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [55-57] - binding other receptors [66,74,76] - interference with the central nervous system [88,89] | - modulation of hormone concentrations [101] - ovarian cycle irregularities [103] - impaired fertility [127] |
D-trans allethrin | - binding other receptors [65] | - unknown - |
Endosulfan | - interference with hormone storage and release [48] - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [31,58,59] - binding other receptors [81] | - unknown - |
Endrin | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [55] | - unknown - |
Fenarimol | - interference with hormone synthesis [26,27] - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [31,62] - binding other receptors [31] | - impaired fertility [27] |
Fenitrothion | - binding other receptors [78] | - unknown - |
Fenvalerate | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [65] - binding other receptors [65] | - unknown - |
Heptachlor | - interference with hormone synthesis [32] | - modulation of hormone concentrations [92,93] - ovarian cycle irregularities [114] - impaired fertility [93] |
Hexachlorobenzene | - unknown - | - modulation of hormone concentrations [96-98] - ovarian cycle irregularities [96-98] |
Iprodion | - interference with hormone synthesis [31] | - unknown - |
Kepone | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [54] | - unknown - |
Ketaconazole | - interference with hormone synthesis [28,36] | - unknown - |
Lindane | - interference with hormone storage and release [49] - binding without activating the estrogen receptor [67-69] - interference with hormone postreceptor activation [82] | - modulation of hormone concentrations [94,95] - ovarian cycle irregularities [68,69] - impaired fertility [125,126] |
Linuron | - binding other receptors [74,77] | - unknown - |
Malathion | - interference with hormone storage and release [42] | - ovarian cycle irregularities [107,108] |
Mancozeb | - unknown - | - ovarian cycle irregularities [116] - impaired fertility [116,122] |
Methiocarb | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [31] - binding other receptors [31] | - unknown - |
Methoxychlor | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [31,50-53] - binding other receptors [74] - interference with the central nervous system [88,89] | - modulation of hormone concentrations [99,100] - impaired fertility [100,102,104,124] |
Methomyl | - interference with hormone synthesis [31] | - unknown - |
Methyl parathion | - unknown - | - ovarian cycle irregularities [105,106] - impaired fertility [106] |
Mirex | - interference with hormone storage and release [48] | - unknown - |
Nonylphenol | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [63] | - unknown - |
Organochlorine compounds | - interference with overal metabolic rate [85,86] | - ovarian cycle irregularities [102-104] |
Pentachrophenol | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [63] | - unknown - |
Pirimicarb | - interference with hormone synthesis [31] | - unknown - |
P,P-DDE | - interference with hormone synthesis [30] | - unknown - |
Prochloraz | - interference with hormone synthesis [28] - binding without activiating the estrogen receptor [31] - binding other receptors [31] | - unknown - |
Procymidone | - binding other receptors [74,76] | - unknown - |
Propamocarb | - interference with hormone synthesis [31] | - unknown - |
Propazine | - interference with hormone synthesis [29] | - unknown - |
Quinones | - interference with overall metabolic rate [85,86] | - unknown - |
Simazine | - interference with hormone synthesis [29] - binding without activating the estrogen receptor [70,71] | - modulation of hormone concentrations [94,95] |
Sodium-N-methyl- dithiocarbamate | - interference with hormone synthesis [33] | - ovarian cycle irregularities [33] |
Sumithion | - unknown - | - ovarian cycle irregularities [108] |
Sumithrin | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [65,66] | - unknown - |
TCDD | - hormone receptor activation [83,84] | - unknown - |
3,3',4,4'-tetra chloroazoxybenzene | - unknown - | - ovarian cycle irregularities [117] |
Thiram | - interference with hormone synthesis [34] - interference with hormone storage and release [39] | - ovarian cycle irregularities [120] |
Toxaphene | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [58-60] | - unknown - |
Triadimefon | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [62] | - unknown - |
Triadimenol | - binding and activating the estrogen receptor [62] | Â |
Vinclozolin | - binding other receptors [72-75] | - unknown - |