Changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-associated proteins in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer

Table 2 Summary of Molecular Changes Associated with Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Cell line	ECM	Proteases	Integrins
VcaP		↑ PAR [24]	↑αVβ3 [11]
PC-3→PC-3(Neu-T)	↑ CollIV [30]	↑ PAR [24]	↑αVβ3 [11]
PC-3M	↓ ICAM-1 [30]	↑ MT1-MMP [105]
	↑ N-Cadherin [49]	↓ NEP [156]	↑α2β1 [97]
	↓ E-Cadherin [49]	↑ Cathepsin D [157, 158]
	↑ Cadherin 11 [37]	↑ uPA [116]
DU-145
		↑ MT1-MMP [105]
		↑ MMP-9 [159]
		↓ NEP [156]
		uPA [116]
LNCaP→C4-2	↑ OSC [32]	↑ uPA [116]	↑α3β1 (usage) [63]
	↑ OPN [27]	↑ PSA [34]	↑α1 (usage) [63]
	↑ BSP [32]	Cathepsin D (LNCaP) [157, 158]	↑αVβ3 (usage) [63]
	E-Cadherin [155]		↓α6β4 [63]
			↑α2 [63]
			↑α6β1 [63]
NbE1.4 (Neu-T)
	↑ Laminin [31]
	↑ CollIV [31]		↑α6β1 [31]
Tissues
Benign→Malignant	↑ BSP [160]	↑ Cathepsin B^A [110, 111]	↑β1 subunit [87]
	↑ Cadherin 11 [37]	↑ Cathepsin S [110]	↓α6β4 [81]
	↑ N-Cadherin [49]	↑ MMP9 [104]	↑αVβ3
	↓ E-Cadherin [87]	↑ Cathepsin K "bone" [112]	↓β4 [84]
	↓ Laminin [40]	↑ HK2 [161]	↓β4 (loss polarity) [85]
	↑ Tenascin C [39]	↑ MMP2 [162]	↓α2 [86]
	↓ Collagen VII [81]	↑ MMP7 [163]	↓α4 [86]
		↓ TIMP1 [163]	↓αV [86]
		↑ Cathepsin D [164]
		↑ MMP26 165

VCaP, PC-3, and DU-145 are advanced prostate cancer cell lines and were compared to the less advanced LNCaP cell line. The information under cell lines reflects this comparison. Please note the following: "bone" refers to observations specific for the bone-derived cell lines or malignant tissue from the bone, ↑ refers to an increase expression and ↓ refers to a decrease expression, OSC refers to osteocalcin, OPN refers osteopontin, superscript A refers to increased activation, MMP is matrix-metalloproteinase and LNCaP→C4-2 refers to LNCaP progression to androgen-independent C4-2 subline.

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