Decreased levels of genuine large free hCG alpha in men presenting with abnormal semen analysis

Background: The pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its free subunits (hCG alpha, hCG beta) are produced in the male reproductive tract and found in high concentrations in seminal fluid, in particular hCG alpha. This study aimed to elucidate changes in peptide hormone profiles in patients showing abnormal semen analyses and to determine the genuineness of the highly abundant hCG alpha. Methods: Seminal plasma was obtained from 45 male patients undergoing semen analysis during infertility workups. Comprehensive peptide hormone profiles were established by a panel of immunofluorometric assays for hCG, hCG alpha, hCG beta and its metabolite hCG beta core fragment, placental lactogen, growth hormone and prolactin in seminal plasma of patients with abnormal semen analysis results (n = 29) versus normozoospermic men (n = 16). The molecular identity of large hyperglycosylated hCG alpha was analyzed by mass-spectrometry and selective deglycosylation. Results: hCG alpha levels were found to be significantly lower in men with impaired semen quality (1346 +/191 vs. 2753 +/533 ng/ml, P = 0.022). Moreover, patients with reduced sperm count had reduced intact hCG levels compared with normozoospermic men (0.097 +/0.022 vs. 0.203 +/0.040 ng/ml, P = 0.028). Using massspectrometry, the biochemical identity of hCG alpha purified from seminal plasma was verified. Under nonreducing conditions in SDS-PAGE, hCG alpha isolated from seminal plasma migrated in a manner comparable with large free hCG alpha with an apparent molecular mass (Mr, app) of 24 kDa, while hCG alpha dissociated from pregnancy-derived holo-hCG migrated at approximately 22 kDa. After deglycosylation with PNGase F under denaturing conditions, all hCG alpha variants showed an Mr, app of 15 kDa, indicating identical amino acid backbones. Conclusions: The findings indicate a pathophysiological relevance of hCG, particularly its free alpha subunit, in spermatogenesis. The alternative glycosylation pattern on the free large hCG alpha in seminal plasma might reflect a modified function of this subunit in the male reproductive tract. Background Male fertility abnormalities are diagnosed by physical examination, endocrine parameters and assessment of semen quality. Endocrine analyses include hormones of the pituitary testicular axis, i.e. pituitary-derived gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (TT) and free/bioavailable testosterone. Other hormones, such as prolactin (hPRL), estrogen, or stress hormones, are also important parameters of the male fertility workup. Apart from serum hormone levels, investigators sought molecular markers of spermatogenesis in seminal plasma. Such markers were anti-Mullerian hormone, inhibin B [1], and transferrin. Although a few attempts have been made to correlate human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and hCG-like molecules to spermatogenesis [2-9], the molecular heterogeneity of molecular hCG species in various body fluids, the lack of appropriate standards of hCG-variants, undefined molecular recognition profiles of immunoassay analyses and interpretation of marker profiles has, until recently, been too poor to do so [10] (the molecular structures of hCG and its variants are schematically depicted in Figure 1). The International Society of Oncodevelopmental Biology and * Correspondence: peter.berger@oeaw.ac.at Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Zenzmaier et al. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2011, 9:114 http://www.rbej.com/content/9/1/114 © 2011 Zenzmaier et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Medicine (ISOBM) has initiated and completed, as part of its Tissue Differentiation (TD) program, the international TD-7 Workshop on antibodies to hCG and hCGrelated molecules and recommended epitope combinations for 2-site immunoassays for the measurement and determination of members of the molecular hCG family [11]. With our selective panel of immunofluorometric assays (IFMAs) based on the reference monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of the TD-7 Workshop [12], we previously investigated the abundance of hCG and hCGlike molecules in seminal plasma of healthy fertile men and found significant differences between the hCG marker profile and that of other hCG-containing physiological body fluids [13]. During pregnancy, the a/bheterodimer hCG is present in vast molar excess in serum, as is hCGb/hCGbcf (hCGb core fragment) in urine, but in seminal plasma, the subunit hCGa was by far the most prominent marker of the hCG molecular family, with concentrations as high as that found during pregnancy in extraembryonic coelomic fluid, and approximately 10,000-fold higher than in normal male serum. hCGb and holo-hCG concentrations were found to be 1000-fold and 10,000-fold less than hCGa, whereas hCGbcf levels were mostly undetectable in seminal plasma [13]. In the present study, the local profile of endocrine parameters, i.e. hCG-like substances and the family of protein hormones prolactin (hPRL), growth hormone (GH) and placental lactogen (PL), was analyzed in seminal plasma of men with abnormal semen analysis findings and compared to normozoospermic men to clarify a possible pathophysiological role of these hormones in spermatogenesis disorders. An important question was whether the highly abundant hCGa is genuine hCGa or a moderately-defined hCGa-like substance. Thus, the glycosylation pattern of hCGa, which has two N-glycosylation sites at Asn and Asn [14], was purified from seminal plasma and the isolated protein analyzed by mass-spectrometry.


Background
Male fertility abnormalities are diagnosed by physical examination, endocrine parameters and assessment of semen quality. Endocrine analyses include hormones of the pituitary testicular axis, i.e. pituitary-derived gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (TT) and free/bioavailable testosterone. Other hormones, such as prolactin (hPRL), estrogen, or stress hormones, are also important parameters of the male fertility workup.
Apart from serum hormone levels, investigators sought molecular markers of spermatogenesis in seminal plasma. Such markers were anti-Mullerian hormone, inhibin B [1], and transferrin. Although a few attempts have been made to correlate human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and hCG-like molecules to spermatogenesis [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], the molecular heterogeneity of molecular hCG species in various body fluids, the lack of appropriate standards of hCG-variants, undefined molecular recognition profiles of immunoassay analyses and interpretation of marker profiles has, until recently, been too poor to do so [10] (the molecular structures of hCG and its variants are schematically depicted in Figure 1). The International Society of Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine (ISOBM) has initiated and completed, as part of its Tissue Differentiation (TD) program, the international TD-7 Workshop on antibodies to hCG and hCGrelated molecules and recommended epitope combinations for 2-site immunoassays for the measurement and determination of members of the molecular hCG family [11]. With our selective panel of immunofluorometric assays (IFMAs) based on the reference monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of the TD-7 Workshop [12], we previously investigated the abundance of hCG and hCGlike molecules in seminal plasma of healthy fertile men and found significant differences between the hCG marker profile and that of other hCG-containing physiological body fluids [13]. During pregnancy, the α/βheterodimer hCG is present in vast molar excess in serum, as is hCGβ/hCGβcf (hCGβ core fragment) in urine, but in seminal plasma, the subunit hCGα was by far the most prominent marker of the hCG molecular family, with concentrations as high as that found during pregnancy in extraembryonic coelomic fluid, and approximately 10,000-fold higher than in normal male serum. hCGβ and holo-hCG concentrations were found to be 1000-fold and 10,000-fold less than hCGα, whereas hCGβcf levels were mostly undetectable in seminal plasma [13].
In the present study, the local profile of endocrine parameters, i.e. hCG-like substances and the family of protein hormones prolactin (hPRL), growth hormone (GH) and placental lactogen (PL), was analyzed in seminal plasma of men with abnormal semen analysis findings and compared to normozoospermic men to clarify a possible pathophysiological role of these hormones in spermatogenesis disorders. An important question was whether the highly abundant hCGα is genuine hCGα or a moderately-defined hCGα-like substance. Thus, the glycosylation pattern of hCGα, which has two N-glycosylation sites at Asn 52 and Asn 78 [14], was purified from seminal plasma and the isolated protein analyzed by mass-spectrometry.

Determination of serum hormone levels
All blood samples were obtained between 8 and 10 a.m. and were immediately transferred to the laboratory for further processing. Hormonal analyses included the determination of FSH, LH, TT and hPRL. FSH and LH analysis was performed using a standard two step immunoassay (

Semen samples
Human semen samples were collected after 4 days of ejaculatory continence from 45 male patients undergoing semen analysis as part of an infertility workup at the Andrology Division of the Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, between 1995 and 1997. Semen samples were obtained and processed as recommended in the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Semen-Cervical Mucus Interaction [15]. None revealed the presence of antisperm antibodies in their seminal plasma or sera as shown by the immunobead technique [16]. The seminal fluid remaining after routine testing was aspirated from the spermatozoal pellet and stored at -20°C until use. After thawing, the seminal fluids were centrifuged at 40,000 × g to remove residual debris and then assayed. All patients gave written informed consent.

Semen analysis
Semen analysis was performed by determination of pH, liquefaction time, volume, total and progressive motility at 60 min after ejaculation, sperm/round cell/germ cell/leukocyte counts, and the total and specific head/midpiece/ tail percentage of abnormal forms according to the WHO criteria of 1995. Morphology was determined on methanol-fixed (2.5 min) and giemsa-stained (10 min) sperm smears by light microscopy and by two independent observers by using the strict Kruger criteria. Viability of sperm was measured by eosin Y staining. The concentration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil white blood cells was measured by peroxidase staining.

Time-resolved immunofluorometric assays
Generation and characterization of monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) against intact hCG, hCGβ, hCGβcf, hCGα and FSH and GH, hPRL and PL has been described in detail [17][18][19][20]. The mAbs against hCG/hCG-variants were previously used as reference reagents in the international TD-7 Workshop on antibodies to hCG and hCG-related molecules [11]. Sensitive and specific IFMAs for hCG, free hCGα, free hCGβ and the hCGβcf, respectively, were developed on the basis of our panel of mAbs [21,22]. MAb pairs for each of the four IFMAs were selected on the basis of antigen specificity, epitope localization and compatibility [11,17,18,[23][24][25].
The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC; South Mimms, UK) kindly provided the International Standards (IS) for hCG IS75/537, hCGβ IS 75/551, hCGα IS 74/569. Highly purified hCGβcf was a gift by Drs. Klaus Mann and Rudy Hoermann (Essen, Germany).
The specificities of the applied IFMAs for hCG and hCG variants are summarized in Table 1.

Purification of hCGa from seminal plasma by immunoprecipitation
Seminal plasma samples from three normozoospermic men were pooled and 1 ml of the pool was diluted 1:2 with modified RIPA buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4; 150 mM NaCl; 1% NP-40; 0.25% Na-deoxycholate, complete Mini Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche Diagnostics) and 15 μl monoclonal antibody (4 mg/ml; Code INN-hFSH-132; [18]). The mixture was incubated overnight at 4°C on a rotary shaker. A Protein-G agarose resin (Upstate) was added and samples were incubated for further 2 h at 4°C. Thereafter, samples were centrifuged, supernatant removed and the Protein-G agarose resin was washed 5 times with modified RIPA buffer. The Protein-G agarose resin was heated to 95°C for 10 min in 50 μl modified RIPA buffer and centrifuged at 16,000 g for 10 min. The pellet was discarded and the hCGα-containing supernatant stored at -20°C.

Digestion with glycosidase
hCGα purified from seminal plasma by IP, as described above (2.4.) and, for comparative purposes, large free hCGα purified by HPLC from supernatant of HEK293 stably transfected with β 2 AR and specifically stimulated with 10 μM isoproterenol [28], as well as the frozen

Statistical analyses
Results are expressed as mean values ± SEM. Statistical differences among groups were calculated by unpaired Student's t-test and considered significant at P < 0.05.

Decreased hCGa levels in seminal plasma of men with abnormal semen analysis results
Hormone and hormone derivative levels were determined by respective IFMAs in seminal plasma specimens from 29 patients with abnormal semen analyses and compared with samples from 16 control subjects with normal semen analyses ( Table 2). hPL and hCGβcf levels were similarly low in both groups, with several samples below the detection limit preventing statistical evaluation. hCGβ, holo-hCG, hGH and hPRL levels were not significantly different in the two cohorts (Figure 2B). However, free hCGα levels were significantly lower in patients with pathologic semen analysis findings (1346 ± 191 vs. 2753 ± 533 ng/ml; P = 0.022).

Genuine large hCGa in seminal plasma
Given the high free hCGα levels in seminal fluid compared with serum (approximately 10,000-fold higher, as described previously [13]) and the decreased levels in seminal plasma of patients with poor semen analysis, the hormone derivative from these patients was purified and investigated in more detail.
Under non-reducing conditions, hCGα dissociated from pregnancy-derived holo-hCG migrated as an approximately 22 kDa band ( Figure 4A). Large free hCGα, which is unable to associate with β-subunits due to larger N-linked sugar chains [31], had an apparent molecular mass (M r,app ) of 24 kDa. hCGα isolated form seminal plasma migrated comparable with HEK293-derived large free hCGα. After digestion of the glycan at Asn 52 , the dissociated standard and HEK293-derived large free hCGα showed identical M r,app of 18 kDa, while protein isolated from seminal fluid migrated as a diffuse band of approximately 19 -20 kDa ( Figure 4A). When both glycan moieties were removed, all three hCGα variants tested resulted a 15 kDa deglycosylated protein.
The biochemical identity of hCGα purified from seminal fluid was verify by nano-HPLC MS/MS analysis after digestion with endoproteinase Lys-C (Table 3).

Discussion
Protein and glycoprotein hormone-like substances have been described previously in human seminal fluid, but the lack of antibodies and consequent sandwich assays with clearly defined glycoprotein hormone variant recognition patterns meant that a general variant profile of these markers and their relationship to fertility disturbances could not be accomplished. We analyzed the profile of endocrine parameters in patients with abnormal semen analysis findings in comparison to normozoospermic men to elucidate a putative pathophysiological role of glycoprotein hormone variants in spermatogenesis disorders.
To characterize the patient cohort serum levels of TT, FSH, LH and hPRL were analyzed. In accordance with previous reports [32], significantly higher serum hPRL levels were found in men with abnormal semen analysis, but still within the normal range, indicating that the patients did not suffer from hyperprolactinemia. Mean serum FSH levels were above the normal reference range (1.3 -8.4 mIU/ml [33]) in patients with abnormal semen analysis and highest in patients with cryptozoospermia and azoospermia, reflecting a decline in function of seminiferous tubules [34]. High heterogeneity of FSH levels indicated that men with both obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia were included in the study cohort.
In seminal plasma levels of hCGα were found to be significantly lower in patients with abnormal semen analyses. Similarly, in patients with reduced sperm count, intact hCG levels were significantly lower. In these patients, the hCGα/hCG ratio was comparable with normozoospermic men, indicating co-secretion of free hCGα and hCGα associated with hCGβ. Compared with hCG, free hCGβ is present in seminal plasma in an approximately 10-fold, and free hCGα in an approximately 10,000-fold excess. Thus, free hCGα appeared as large subunit, distinct from the α subunit present in hCG [31] and unable to associate with the available β subunit. Non-associable and associated hCGα seem to be secreted at a constant ratio of approximately 10,000:1, the latter being the rate limiting subunit of  holo-hCG association. On the other hand, the hCGα/ hCG ratio was reduced in patients with astheno-, teratoor asthenoteratozoospermia, although the limited number of patients in this cohort require confirmation of these alterations by further research. Other hormone variants were not significantly different in the cohorts tested and generally expressed at low levels.
The pathophysiological role of reduced hCGα and hCG levels is uncertain. We previously showed hCGβ expression in the testis in peritubular and presumably Leydig cells [13]. Due to its structural homology to LH, hCG is able to stimulate T production by Leydig cells. Thus, it could be hypothesized that hCG expression in the testis serves as a local backup system to sustain basal T secretion. However, hCG levels in seminal plasma were very low (0.016 -0.578 ng/ml in normozoospermic men). During pregnancy, the serum ratios of hCG to the free α and β subunits is usually in the range in 100:1, while in seminal plasma, hCGα is found in 10,000-fold excess (726 -8754 ng/ml in normozoospermic men) of the holo-hormone.
The molecular function of the free hCGα is still unresolved, and no receptors for the free subunit have yet been described. Free hCGα has been reported to stimulate endometrial stromal cell differentiation synergistically with progesterone [35]. Antisense hCGα RNA reduced the tumorigenic potential of lung cancer cells [36] and hCGα inhibited growth of prostatic stromal cells [37]. In the male reproductive tract, several sources of free hCGα have been described, in particular the prostate [37][38][39]. Moreover, significant amounts of hCGα have been detected in seminal vesicle fluid, and minor concentrations in the testis [13,40]. Herein, we demonstrate that hCGα purified from seminal plasma had the M r,app of large free hCGα, which is incapable of associating with β-subunits due to larger N-linked sugar chains [31]. Interestingly, the large free α subunit isolated from seminal fluid showed a different glycosylation pattern than large hCGα produced from HEK cells stably transfected with β 2 AR and stimulated with isoproterenol [28]. While the latter appeared to be more highly glycosylated at Asn 52 , seminal plasma-derived hCGα appeared to be more highly glycosylated at Asn 78 . This might reflect distinct molecular functions of large free hCGα variants from different sources due to alternative glycosylation. After total deglycosylation, hCGα derived from seminal plasma, HEK cells and dissociated from the heterodimeric hCG showed identical M r,app , indicating identical amino acid backbone and genuineness of large free hCGα in seminal plasma as shown by nanospray MS. Thus, due to its unique gylcosylation pattern, free hCGα purified from seminal plasma, where it is normally present in high concentrations and is reduced in men with abnormal semen analysis, represents a promising variant to investigate the unresolved molecular function of the free subunit.

Conclusions
Levels of free hCGα, by far the most abundant hCG variant in seminal plasma, were significantly reduced in men with abnormal semen analyses. Additionally, in men with reduced sperm counts, holo-hCG levels were accordingly lower, indicating a pathophysiological relevance of these hormone variants in spermatogenesis. hCGα in seminal plasma was identified as being a highly glycosylated large free subunit with a unique glycosylation pattern. Alternative glycosylation clearly might modify the function of the hormone subunit, thus free large hCGα purified from seminal plasma represents a promising molecular entity to further investigate the physiological role of free hCGα in spermatogenesis.  The identified amino acid (AA) sequences after Lys-C digestion, the 1+ charge state [MH+] of the hCGα protein fragments, the percent mass, the positions of amino acid residues, and percentage of the amino acid sequence obtained by database search using SEQUEST are shown.