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Table 3 Bivariate analysis of the association between the development of HDP, biomarkers’ levels and ABPM parameters

From: Higher daytime systolic BP, prepregnancy BMI and an elevated sFlt-1/PlGF ratio predict the development of hypertension in normotensive pregnant women

Variable

HDP (n = 14)

Non-HDP (n = 132)

p Value

Cytokines and biomarkers levels *

 Adiponectin, (pg/ml)

10.22 ± 2.54

13.08 ± 2.93

0.06

 Resistin (pg/ml)

7.43 ± 3.82

8.28 ± 3.28

0.37

 PAI-1 (pg/ml)

8.04 ± 4.08

8.69 ± 3.48

0.51

 NGF (pg/ml)

0.62 ± 0.84

0.73 ± 0.9

0.67

 Leptin (pg/ml)

10.97 ± 0.82

10.2 ± 1.11

0.018

 HGF (pg/ml)

6.65 ± 1.07

7.03 ± 1.23

0.41

 MCP-1 (pg/ml)

5.24 ± 0.60

4.9 ± 0.55

0.044

 TNFα (pg/ml)

0.35 ± 2.02

0.59 ± 1.13

0.49

 FGF-2 (pg/ml)

3.8 ± 0.62

4.02 ± 0.63

0.22

 sFlt-1 (pg/ml)

7.56 ± 0.93

7.25 ± 0.97

0.26

 PIGF (pg/ml)

3.18 ± 1.79

5.1 ± 1.12

0.002

 sFlt-1/PlGF ratio

4.37 ± 2.2

2.2 ± 1.43

0.003

BP parameters

 24 h SBP (mmHg) *

113.1 ± 14.4

104.2 ± 7.9

0.04

 24 h DBP (mmHg) *

69.7 ± 9.2

64.1 ± 5.6

0.04

 Daytime SBP (mmHg) *

115.7 ± 13.4

106.7 ± 8.6

0.001

 Daytime DBP (mmHg) *

72.3 ± 8.2

66.6 ± 6.0

0.002

 Nocturnal SBP (mmHg) *

107.5 ± 17.5

98.7 ± 7.8

0.08

 Nocturnal DBP (mmHg) *

63.5 ± 12.1

58.5 ± 5.6

0.15

 Pathological circadian pattern †

9 (64.3%)

62 (46.9%)

0.17

  Riser pattern †

2 (14.3%)

6 (4.5%)

0.13

  Nondipper pattern †

4 (28.6%)

44 (33.3%)

0.72

  Extrem dipper pattern

3 (21.4%)

12 (9.1%)

0.15

 Dipper pattern †

5 (35.7%)

70 (53%)

0.22

  1. * Data expressed as means ± standard deviation; Comparisons between different groups were done by the Student’s t– test for parametric variables and the Mann–Whitney U– test for nonparametric contrasting
  2. † Data expressed as n (%); comparison among groups were done using the Fisher’s exact test
  3. HDP hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, PAI-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, NGF nerve growth factor, HGF hepatocyte growth factor, MCP-1 Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, TNFα tumor necrosis factor alpha, FGF-2 fibroblast growth factor-2, sFlt-1 soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, PlGF placental growth factor, PB blood pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure