Fig. 5

Differential expression of microtubule plus ( +) end genes that regulate microtubule dynamics in normal vs. NOA (SCO only) human testes. A t-SNE (t-distribute stochastic neighbor embedding) plot (also known as uniform manifold approximation and projection UMAP and FindNeighbors analysis) through unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of the scRNA-Seq datasets from human testicular cells (Table S2) to illustrate six germ cell types and six to eight somatic cell types in normal vs. NOA (SCO only) testes. Different cell types were shown with different colors as noted in the right panel. B Expression of marker genes in 14 corresponding cell types found NOA (SCO only) vs. normal testes. C Dot size represents the percent (%) expressed, and color depth represents the degree of expression level from 2 to -1. The cell types identified were Sertoli cells (SC), peritubular myoid cells (PMC), Leydig cells (LC), testicular macrophages (tM), endothelial cells (EC), mast cells, spermatogonia (SPG), round spermatids (RS), and elongated spermatids (ES). Dot size and dot color represent expression percentage and expression and expression average, respectively. D Heatmap of MT plus ( +) end genes in Sertoli cells displaying differential expression in normal vs. NOA (SCO only) testes. Expression level was noted by different colors. E Violin plots of selected MT plus ( +) end genes in Sertoli cells based on data of Dot plot C and Heatmap D, illustrating differential expression of genes in NOA (SCO only) vs. control testes