Fig. 2

Current biochemical markers for early prediction of PE. A series of biochemical markers has been identified to predict the PE in the first and second trimesters, including exosomes, cell-free fetal DNA, cell-free maternal RNA, angiogenic markers and placental associated proteins. These markers possess specific detection time during the stages of pregnancy. (Abbreviations: ADMA, asymmetric dimethyl arginine; ADAM12, A disintegrin and metalloprotease12; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; PTX, Pentraxin; PIGF, placental growth factor; PP-13, placental protein-13; PAPP-A, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; sEng, soluble endoglin; sFlt-1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; cffDNA, cell-free fetal DNA; miR, microRNA.)