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Table 1 The role of IMPs in the embryogenesis, oocyte maturation, and female reproductive pathology

From: The role of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding proteins in female reproductive pathophysiology

Condition

Cell type/Species

Key findings

Proposed mediator

Implications

References

Embryogenesis

MTZ

Zebrafish oocyte

IMP3 ↓ leads to abnormal cytoskeleton organization and cell division

Maternal mRNAs

IMP3 depletion leads to severe developmental defects

[45]

Zebrafish oocyte

IMP3 ↑ inhibits maternal-to-zygotic transition

Maternal mRNAs

Leads to developmental delay

[46]

ZGA

Mice

IMP2 ↓causes early embryonic developmental arrest

Ccar1, Rps14, IGF2

Abundant IMP2 is essential for the embryo development

[38]

Implantation

Human/Bovine

Methylation ratio of IMP2↓and IMP3 ↑in receptive endometrium

No data

Predicts the estrous phase

[49, 50]

Placentation

Human

IMP1 and IMP3 ↑

Corresponding receptors

Early dialogue between blastocysts and maternal endometrial cells

[16]

Ovine

IMP1-3↓

LIN28, let-7

Increases the degree of elongation of the conceptus abnormal m6A modification

[64]

PA

Mice

The expression of IMP1 and IMP2 is perturbed

No data

during early development in PA embryos

[65]

Mice

IMP1↓

miR-670

Regulates RNA methylation in PA mouse embryonic development

[66]

Oocyte maturation

 

Zebrafish oocyte

IMP3 retards the progression of oocyte maturation

Cyclin B1

Represses oocyte maturation

[71]

PCOS

 

Human

IMP2↓in cumulus cells from PCOS patients

No data

Predictive biomarker

[69]

 

Human

IMP2↑in GCs and ovary

CCND2, SERBP1

Provides new insights into the dysfunction of GCs in PCOS

[18]

PE

 

HTR-8/Svneo cells

IMP1 inhibits apoptosis in HTR-8/Svneo cells

miR-423-5p

A new light on the pathogenesis of severe pre-eclampsia

[21]

 

HTR-8/Svneo cells

IMP2 promotes the invasion and migration of HTR-8/Svneo cell

miR-181a-5p

The roles and molecular mechanisms of IMP2 in PE

[20]

 

Human placenta

IMP3 ↓in the placentas from PE patients

IGF2, CD44

Predictive biomarker

[19]

GDM

 

Human

Rs4402960 (IMP2)

No data

Associated with a higher risk of GDM

[86,87,88]

Gynecological oncology

ULM/ULMS

Human

IMP2/IMP3

No data

Predictive marker/independent prognostic factor

[105, 108]

Cervical carcinoma

SiHa cells

IMP3 ↑ facilitate cell aerobic glycolysis

Hexokinase 2

A potential approach for cervical cancer therapeutics

[109]

Choriocarcinoma

JAR cells

IMP1 ↑ promotes cell migration and invasion

RSK2, PPME2

Aggravating the choriocarcinoma disease progression

[52]

Endometrial carcinoma

Human

IMP3 ↑, PR, L1CAM

No data

Histological subtyping in high-grade EECs

[112]

Ovarian carcinoma

Human

IMP1, IMP2, IMP3 and E-cadherin

No data

Predicts disease recurrence and survival

[97,98,99]

  1. Abbreviation: MTZ Maternal-to-zygotic transition, ZGA Zygotic genome activation, PA Parthenogenetic activation, PCOS Polycystic ovary syndrome, PE Pre-eclampsia, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, ULM Uterine leiomyomas, ULMS Uterine leiomyomasarcoma