Table 2 Comparison of sperm quality parameters between the two groups

Sperm concentration (10⁶/ml)

54.14 ± 27.23

44.45 ± 26.55

1.58

0.11

PR%

43.94 ± 10.30

29.29 ± 16.22

4.85

0.00

NP%

4.29 ± 1.62

3.56 ± 1.73

1.88

0.06

IM%

51.50 ± 10.63

66.84 ± 15.92

−4.84

0.00

Normal morphology rate (%)

8.52 ± 3.37

5.68 ± 3.14

3.83

0.00

Head deformity rate (%)

88.44 ± 4.76

92.52 ± 4.82

−3.72

0.00

Neck deformity rate (%)

16.05 ± 5.49

19.13 ± 5.63

−2.41

0.01

Main segment deformity rate (%)

6.44 ± 4.87

6.75 ± 4.26

−0.29

0.76

Slurry drop rate (%)

1.38 ± 0.65

1.45 ± 0.97

−0.39

0.69

SDI

1.10 ± 0.11

1.19 ± 0.13

−3.28

0.00

TZI

1.20 ± 0.10

1.26 ± 0.12

−2.44

0.01

DFI (%)

12.97 ± 3.69

20.86 ± 8.39

−5.10

0.00

Sperm membrane integrity (%)

74.52 ± 8.61

67.86 ± 8.88

3.32

0.00

AsAb positive rate (%)

2.9 (1/34)

9.1 (4/44)

0.40

0.52^a

IL-10 (pg/ml)

464.17 ± 60.53

465.63 ± 57.21

−0.10

0.91

IL-12 (pg/ml)

81.41 ± 13.09

80.87 ± 10.90

0.19

1.84