Table 1 Single-sperm cryopreservation methods
Carrier | Year | Sperm origin | Recovery rate | Motility rate | Survival rate | Fertilization rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human, mouse and hamster zonae [16] | 1997 | Ejaculate | 73% | 82% | NA | 50% |
Human and hamster zonae [17] | 1998 | Ejaculate, testicular | ≥75% | 67–100% | NA | 65% |
Human zona [18] | 1999 | Ejaculate | 92% | NA | 84% | NA |
Human zonae [19] | 2000 | Testicular | 88% | 27% | NA | 23% |
Human and mouse zonae [20] | 2000 | Ejaculate, epidydimal, testicular | 82% | 83% | NA | NA |
Mouse zonae [21] | 2000 | Testicular | 100% | 58% | 77% | NA |
Human zona pellucida [22] | 2001 | Epidydimal | NA | NA | NA | 57% |
Human zona [23] | 2003 | Ejaculate | 59% | 73% | NA | NA |
Volvox globator algae [24] | 2004 | Ejaculate | 100% | ≥63% | NA | NA |
Alginic acid drops [25] | 2006 | Ejaculate | NA | 20–30% | 40–50% | NA |
Agarose gel microspheres [26] | 2007 | Ejaculate | 98% | 78% | 81% | NA |
Hollow-core agarose capsules [27] | 2015 | Ejaculate | 94% | 84% | 95% | NA |
Hollow hyaluronan-phenolic hydroxyl microcapsules [28] | 2016 | Ejaculate | 95% | 14% | NA | NA |
Cryoloops [29] | 2003 | Ejaculate | NA | 45% | NA | NA |
Cryoloops [30] | 2004 | Ejaculate | 68% | 73% | NA | 67% |
Cryoloop [31] | 2004 | Epidydimal, testicular | 72% | NA | NA | 58% |
Droplets on plastic dish [32] | 2000 | NA | 90–100% | NA | NA | NA |
0.5ul microdrop in a plastic dish [33] | 2003 | Ejaculate | 100% | < 50% | NA | NA |
5ul microdrop in a plastic dish [34] | 2008 | Testicular | 100% | 2% | NA | 18% |
Cell Sleeper [35] | 2012 | Testicular | 83% | NA | NA | 83% |
Cell Sleeper [36] | 2012 | Ejaculate | 100% | 28% | 58% | NA |
Cell Sleeper [37] | 2016 | Testicular | 94% | 56% | NA | 66% |
Cryotop [35] | 2012 | Ejaculate, testicular | 96% | NA | NA | 64% |
Cryotop [36] | 2012 | Ejaculate | 100% | 44% | 78% | NA |
Cryotop [38] | 2011 | Ejaculate, testicular | 93% | 43% | NA | NA |
Cryoleaf [39] | 2011 | Ejaculate, epididymal | 99% | 66% | NA | 61% |
Cryopiece [40] | 2017 | Ejaculate, testicular | 83% | 48% | NA | 73% |
Closed slice [41] | 2015 | Ejaculate | 94% | 41% | 70% | NA |
Closed slice [42] | 2017 | Testicular | 92% | 17% | 66% | 56% |
The novel sperm vitrification device [43] | 2018 | Ejaculate | 96% | 33% | NA | 59% |