First author, year | Country | Study design | PCOS criteria | (a) BP measurement methods and standard conditions (b) Medication for hypertension (c) Diabetes status | PCOS group characteristics | Control group characteristics | Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Quality assessment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caldernon-Margalit et al. (2014) [2] | USA | Population based prospective cohort | NIH | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 7.3% diabetic in PCOS and 5.4% in control groups | N = 55 Age:45.4 (3.44); BMI: 29.3 (6.5) | N = 668 Age:45.40 (3.57); BMI: 29.90 (4.73) | 1.03 (0.57, 1.85) | High |
Chan et al. (2013) [34] | Australia | Case-control | Rotterdam | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 0% diabetic in PCOS vs. 3.7% in control groups | N = 109 Age = not reported; BMI = 31.6 (1.5) | N = 133 Age = not reported; BMI = 25.5 (1.40) | 1.49 (0.64, 3.46) | Moderate |
Chang et al. (2011) [35] | USA | Population based cross-sectional | Rotterdam | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 9% diabetic in PCOS and 8% in control groups | N = 144 Age = 40 (37–42)*; BMI = 31.7 (26.5–38.1)* | N = 170 Age = 42 (39–45)*; BMI = 28.7 (25.5–33.9)* | 1.55 (1.03, 2.34) | High |
Chang et al. (2016) [3] | USA | Population based cross-sectional | Rotterdam | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 9.4% diabetic in PCOS vs. 9.3% in control groups | N = 117 Age = 40.6¥; BMI = 31.06¥ | N = 204 Age = 39.82¥; BMI = 31.43¥ | 1.51 (1.0005, 2.28) | Moderate |
Dahlgren et al. (1992) [4] | Sweden | Prospective cohort study | Laparoscopic PCOS criteria | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 31.1% diabetic in PCOS vs. 4.8% in control groups | Group 1 (reproductive): N = 18 Age = 45.9 (2.5); BMI = no reported Group 22 (Menopause/aging): N = 15 Age = 55.1 (2.6); BMI = no reported | Group 1: N = 57 Age = 46 (2.2); BMI = No reported Group 2: N = 75 Age = 55.6 (3.1); BMI = no reported | RR for group 1: 7.9 (1.68, 37.16) RR for group 2: 3.8 (1.91, 7.55) | Moderate |
Ding et al. (2018) [7] | Taiwan | Population based prospective cohort | ICD | (a) Note reported (b) Not reported (c) 2.94% diabetic in PCOS and 1.46% in control groups | N = 8048 Age = 28.11 (6.89); BMI = not reported | N = 32,192 Age = 28.11 (6.90); BMI = not reported | 2.02 (1.73, 2.36) | High |
Gateva et al. (2012) [5] | Bulgaria | Cross-sectional | Rotterdam | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) Not reported | N = 81 Age = mean 25.98€; BMI = 36.21 (4.58) | N = 125 Age = 26.5 (5.47); BMI = 37.55 (5.95) | 0.95 (0.58, 1.55) | Moderate |
Glintborg et al. (2015) [36] | Denmark | Population based cohort | Rotterdam | (a) Not reported (b) 14% in PCOS and 6.7 in control groups (c) 2.24% in PCOS vs. 0.4% in control group | N = 20,416 Age = 29.3 (8.5); BMI = 27.3 (23.0–32.7) * | N = 57,483 Age = 30.6 (9.6); BMI = 27.3 (23.0–32.7) * | 2.80 (2.44, 3.21) | Moderate |
Haakova et al. (2003) [49] | Czech Republic | Case-control | NIH | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 13.64% in PCOS vs. 9.09% in control groups | N = 66 Age = 29.9 (2.97); BMI = 23.7 (4.27) | N = 66 Age = 29.8 (4.94); BMI = 23.2 (3.89) | 1.0 (0.06, 15.55) | Moderate |
Hart et al. (2015) [37] | Australia | Population based retrospective cohort | ICD | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 12.5% in PCOS vs. 3.8% in control group | N = 2560 Age = not reported; BMI = not reported | N = 25,660 Age = not reported; BMI = not reported | 5.12 (4.05, 6.48) | High |
Iftikhar et al. (2012) [50] | USA | Retrospective cohort | Rotterdam | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 0.7% in PCOS vs. 2.6% in control | N = 309 Age = not reported; BMI = 29.4 (7.77) | N = 343 Age = not reported; BMI = 28.3 (7.47) | 1.22 (0.93, 1.61) | High |
Lo et al. (2006) [38] | USA | Population based cross-sectional | ICD | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 9% in PCOS vs. 1.9% in control | N = 11,035 Age = 30.7 (7.2); BMI = not reported | N = 55,175 Age = 30.8 (7.5); BMI = not reported | 2.49 (2.35, 2.64) | High |
Lunde et al. (2007) [51] | Norway | Prospective cohort | Laparoscopic PCOS criteria | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 0.74% in PCOS vs. 0% in control | N = 131 Age = mean 24.7€; BMI = 24.7 (17.0–36.9) * | N = 723 Age = not reported; BMI = not reported | 1.1 (0.43, 2.3) | Moderate |
Merz et al. (2016) [19] | USA | Population based prospective cohort | NIH | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 24% in PCOS vs. 32.2% in control | N = 25 Age = 62.6 (11.6); BMI = 28.7 (5.9) | N = 270 Age = 64.8 (9.8); BMI = 30.0 (6.7) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.15) | High |
Meun et. (2018) [39] | Netherlands | Population based prospective cohort | NIH | (a) Blood pressure was measured twice at the right brachial artery in sitting position with a random-zero sphygmomanometer (b) Not reported (c) 18.9% in PCOS vs. 7% in control | N = 106 Age = 69.57 (8.72); BMI = 27.92 (4.53) | N = 171 Age = 69.20 (8.60); BMI = 26.84 (3.83) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | High |
Okoroh et al. (2015) [40] | USA | Population based cross-sectional | ICD | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 4.6% in PCOS vs. 1.9% in control | N = 125,268 Age = mean 33.4€; BMI = not reported | N = 250,536 Age = mean 33.4€; BMI = not reported | 2.33 (2.28, 2.38) | High |
Schmidt et al. (2011) [52] | Sweden | Prospective cohort | Rotterdam | (a) Blood pressure was measured (right arm, supine position) after 15 min rest. (b) Not reported (c) 22% in PCOS vs. 14% in control | N = 32 Age = not reported; BMI = not reported | N = 95 Age = not reported; BMI = not reported | 1.67 (1.20, 2.33) | Moderate |
Shi et al. (2014) [53] | China | Retrospective cohort | Rotterdam | (a) Blood pressure were determined from two blood pressure readings taken at 30-min intervals with the subject seated quietly. (b) Not reported (c) Not reported | N = 3396 Age = 30.49 (4.01); BMI = 24.97 (4.15) | N = 1891 Age = 30.73 (4.86); BMI = 22.69 (3.26) | 1.61 (1.40, 1.85) | Moderate |
Shroff et al. (2007) [10] | USA | Case-control | Rotterdam | (a) Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was assessed with two readings after 5 min of seated rest. (b) Not reported (c) 4.2% in PCOS vs. 0% in control group | N = 24 Age = 32 (6.5); BMI = 36 (5.4) | N = 24 Age = 36 (7.2); BMI = 35 (3.3) | 1.5 (0.27, 8.25) | Moderate |
Sirmans et al. (2014) [41] | USA | Population based cross-sectional | ICD | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) 17.6% in PCOS vs. 4.7% in control group | N = 1689 Age = mean 25.24€; BMI = not reported | N = 5067 Age = mean 25.23; BMI = not reported | 2.58 (2.45, 3.32) | Moderate |
VrbÃková et al. (2003) [54] | Czech Republic | Cross-sectional | NIH | (a) Two blood pressure (BP) readings were obtained in sitting patients after a 10 min rest; the mean was determined from two values and was used for further analysis. (b) Not reported (c) 3.1% in PCOS vs. 0% in control group | N = 50 Age = 30.7 (4.2); BMI = 29.20 (7.10) | N = 335 Age = 29.9 (3.10); BMI = 24.10 (4.50) | 2.73 (1.46, 5.11) | Moderate |
Wild et al. (2000) [57] | UK | Population based retrospective cohort | Laparoscopic criteria | (a) Sitting blood pressures were measured twice in the right arm after participants had been resting for 5 min. Mean values for each individual were used in the analyses. (b) Not reported (c) 6.9% in PCOS vs. 3% in control group | N = 1060 Age = not reported; BMI = mean 25.9€ | N = 319 Age = not reported; BMI = mean 26.6 | 1.2 (0.95, 1.52) | High |
Bird et al. (2013) [43] | Canada | Population based cohort | ICD | (a) Not reported (b) 6.6 in PCOS vs. 7.1 in control (c) 20.3% in PCOS vs. 20.7% in control group | N = 43,506 Age = 28.7€; BMI = not reported | N = 43,506 Age = 28.9€; BMI = not reported | 1.27 (1.22, 1.32) | Moderate |
Li et al. (2013) [44] | China | Population based cross-sectional | Rotterdam | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) Not reported | N = 833 Age = 29.1 (5.4); BMI = 22.2 (4.2) | N = 2732 Age = 32.3 (6.1); BMI = 22.2 (3.4) | 1.004 (0.84, 1.20) | High |
Ramezani Tehrani et al. (2015) [58] | Iran | Population based prospective cohort | NIH | (a) BP were measured twice on the right arm with the subject in a seated position with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer after the subject sat for 15 min; the mean of these 2 measurements was recorded (b) Not reported (c) Not reported | N = 85 Age = 29.8 (9.2); BMI = 27.2 (5.3) | N = 552 Age = 29.3 (9.0); BMI = 25.6 (5.0) | 1.39 (0.60, 3.23) | High |
Luque-Ramirez et al. (2007) [55] | Spain | Case-control | AES | (a) Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (b) Not reported (c) Not reported | N = 36 Age = 24.2 (6.2); BMI = 29.3 (6.4) | N = 20 Age = 26.7 (6.8); BMI = 28.2 (6.9) | 0.83 (0.41, 1.68) | Moderate |
Ramezani Tehrani et al. (2011) [46] | Iran | Population based cross-sectional | Rotterdam | (a) Not reported (b) Not reported (c) Not reported | N = 136 Age = 32.4 (25.9–38.8)*; BMI = 25.9 (23.5–32.6)* | N = 423 Age = 36 (30–41.0) *; BMI = 26.4 (23.1–29.4) * | 1.04 (0.29, 3.79) | High |
Ramezani Tehrani et al. (2014) [47] | Iran | Population based cross-sectional | Rotterdam | (a) BP were measured twice on the right arm with the subject in a seated position with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer after the subject sat for 15 min; the mean of these 2 measurements was recorded (b) Not reported (c) Not reported | N = 85 Age = 29.02 (7.4)*; BMI = 26.5 (5.8) | N = 517 Age = 33.9 (7.6); BMI = 26.6 (5) | 0.68 (0.09, 5.20) | High |
Marchesan et al. (2019) [56] | Brazil | Cross-sectional | Rotterdam | (a) Blood pressure (measured after a 10-min rest, in the sitting position, with feet on the floor and the arm supported at heart level (b) Not reported (c) Not reported | N = 180 Age = 25 (21–29)*; BMI =32.52 (7.41) | N = 70 Age = 29 (26–34)*; BMI =28.71 (5.71) | 2.29 (1.20, 4.37) | High |
Behboudi-Gandevani et al. (2018) [48] | Iran | Population based cohort study | NIH | (a) BP were measured twice on the right arm with the subject in a seated position with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer after the subject sat for 15 min; the mean of these 2 measurements was recorded (b) Not reported (c) 1.1% in PCOS vs. 2.1% in control group | Group 1 (reproductive): N = 131 Age = 25.28 (7.69); BMI =25.89 (5.13) Group 2 (Menopause/aging): N = 28 Age = 46.19 (11.02); BMI =29.53 (4.51) | Group 1: N = 1046 Age = 26.57 (7.51); BMI = 24.89 (4.9) Group 2: N = 355 Age = 49.46 (6.26); BMI = 29.32 (4.57) | Group 1: 1.29 (0.89, 1.87) Group 2: 1.01 (0.61–1.68) | High |