Source | Strain | Age | Exposure route | Time of exposure | Doses | Time of observation | Outcome | Outcome observed in | Reference n° | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental studies in vitro and ex vivo | Human | Granulosa-lutein cells | 33.8 ± 4.5 years | In vitro administration | 72 h | 1; 100; 1000; 10,000 ng/mL | 72 h | Increase of MMP9 levels at 100 and 1000 ng/mL concentrations. Decrease of MMP9 levels at 10000 ng/mL concentration. Decrease of cell viability at 1000 and 10,000 ng/mL concentrations. | Dominguez 2008 | [124] | |
Experimental studies in vivo | Rats | Sprague-Dawley | Female pups | Subcutaneous injection | From PND1 to PND10 | 5, 50 and 500 μg/kg bw/day | 4–5 months of age | Increase of Testosterone and Estradiol levels and decrease of Progesterone levels in adulthood. Altered GnRH secretion in adulthood. Altered ovarian morphology, increase in cysts number and infertility at 500 μg/kg bw/day. Reduced fertility at 50 μg/kg bw/day. Infertility at 500 μg/kg bw/day. | Adult female | Fernandez 2010 | [80] |
Rats | Wistar | Female pups | Drinking water | From GD6 to PND40 | 1 mg/L | PND40 | Induction of PCOS hallmarks. | Pubertal female | Patisaul 2014 | [125] |