Table 5 Bisphenol A and endometriosis
Source | Strain | Age | Exposure route | Time of exposure | Doses | Time of observation | Outcome | Outcome observed in | Reference n° | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental studies in vitro and ex vivo | Mouse | C57Bl/6 N and CD-1 mice | Adult mice | Oral administration | 12–15 weeks | 0.004, 0.04, 0.4, 4, and 40 mg/kg/day | 19–23 weeks of age | C57B1/6 N mice had an increased collagen fiber thickness and density in the periglandular regions of stromal cells whereas CD-1 displayed a higher increase in gland nests and extensive periglandular fibrosis | Adult female | Kendziorski 2015 | [19] |
Human | Endometrial tissue; stromal cells | 35–49 years old | In vitro administration | 24 h; 48 h; 72 h | 10-5 M; 10-8 M; 10-11 M | 24 h; 48 h;72 h | The percentage of cells in G2/M and G0/G1 phase of cell cycle were increased and decreased, respectively, only after treatment with high BPA doses. Low BPA doses were found to increase the gene expression levels of LEFTY after 48 h of treatment, IGFBP1 after 72 h of treatment, and prolactin after 48 h and 72 h of treatment. Increased secretion of IGFBP1 and prolactin was detected after 48 h of treatment with low BPA doses. The messenger expression levels of MMP3 at low BPA doses and messenger expression levels of MMP9 increased at both low and high BPA doses. TIMP3 messenger expression levels were downregulated only at high doses | Forte 2016 | [42] | ||
Experimental studies in vivo | Mouse | C57Bl/6 N and CD-1 mice | Adult female | Oral administration | 12–15 weeks | 0.004, 0.04, 0.4, 4, and 40 mg/kg/ day | 19–23 weeks of age | Increased endometrial gland nest formation and stromal and periglandular collagen accumulation was observed in both CD-1 and C57Bl/6 N mouse strains. | Adult Female mice | Kendziorski 2015 | [19] |
Mouse | CD1 mice | Female Pups | Subcutaneous injections | From PND1 to PND5 | 10, 100, or 1000 μg/kg | 18 months of age | Increase in cystic ovaries and cystic endometrial hyperplasia in the BPA-100 group. | Newbold 2007 | [102] | ||
Mouse | Balb-C | Adult pregnant female | Subcutaneous injections | From GD1 until the seventh day after delivery | 100 or 1000 μg/kg/ day | 21 days after delivery | Increase of of endometriosis-like structures in the adipose tissue surrounding the genital organs. Cystic ovaries, aden omatous hyperplasia with cystic endometrial hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia. Increased gene expression of both ER and Homeobox A10 (HOXA-10) in the nucleus of BPA- induced lesions. | Adult Female mice | Signorile 2010 | [98] |