Bisphenol A: an emerging threat to female fertility

Claudia Pivonello; Giovanna Muscogiuri; Antonio Nardone; Francesco Garifalos; Donatella Paola Provvisiero; Nunzia Verde; Cristina de Angelis; Alessandro Conforti; Mariangela Piscopo; Renata Simona Auriemma; Annamaria Colao; Rosario Pivonello

doi:10.1186/s12958-019-0558-8

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology

Table 2 Bisphenol A and hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis: pituitary

From: Bisphenol A: an emerging threat to female fertility

	Source	Strain	Age	Exposure route	Time of exposure	Doses	Time of observation	Outcome	Outcome observed in	Reference n°
Experimental studies in vitro and ex-vivo	Rat	Sprague-Dawley	Female pups	Subcutaneous Injection	From PND1 to PND10	6.2–2.5 mg/kg bw/day and 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day	PND13	Decreased basal and GnRH-stimulated LH levels in medium of adult anterior pituitary cell cul tures. Adult anterior pituitary cell cultures treated with BPA 6.2–2.5 mg/kg bw/day showed rapid and transient activation of ERK1/2 com pared to control	Female rats in adulthood in estrus phase	Fernandez 2009	[79]
Experimental studies in vivo	Mouse	CD-1	Adult pregnant mice	Oral gavage	Cohort A: from GD1 to PND20	12, 25 and 50 mg/kg bw/day	PND50	Increased FSH mRNA expression. No significant change in serum LH and FSH Levels at proestrus phase	Female offspring (F1) in adulthood	Xi 2011	[29]
	Mouse	CD-1	Female pups (F1)	Oral gavage	Cohort B: from PND20 to PND49	25 and 50 mg/kg bw/day	PND50	No significant change in LH and FSH mRNA expression at proestrus phase	Female offspring (F1) in adulthood	Xi 2011	[29]
	Rat	Sprague-Dawley	8-week-old	Oral gavage	From GD1 to PND20	0.001 or 0.1 mg/kg bw/ day	After 90 days of exposure	Increased serum LH levels and LH protein content after BPA exposure of 0.001 and 0.1 mg/kg bw/ day. No significant change in serum FSH levels and FSH protein expression during estrus	The same adult female rats (8-week- old)	Lee 2013	[30]
	Rat	Wistar	Adult pregnancy rats	Oral administration (drinking water)	From GD1 to PND21	3 μg/kg bw/Day	PND30	Increased serum LH levels. No significant change in serum FSH levels	Female offspring in prepubertal phase	Gamez 2015	[31]
	Rat	Sprague-Dawley	Female pups	Subcutaneous Injection	From PND1 to PND10	6.2–2.5 mg/kg bw/day and 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day	PND13	Decreased basal and GnRH-stimulated serum LH levels at BPA 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day.	Female pups	Fernandez 2009	[79]
	Rat	Sprague-Dawley	Female pups	Subcutaneous Injection	From PND1 to PND10	6.2–2.5 mg/kg bw/day and 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day	During estrus	Decreased GnRH-stimulated (15′) serum LH levels at BPA 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day during estrus	Female rats in adulthood	Fernandez 2009	[79]
	Mouse	ICR	Adult female mice	Oral Administration	Proestrus after 4th/5th estrus	20 μg/kg bw/ day	During diestrus, proestrus and estrus	Increased serum LH and FSH levels during proestrus	The same adult female mice	Wang 2014	[78]
	Mouse	ICR	Adult female mice	Injection into the right lateral ventricle	Proestrus after 4th/5th estrus	0.02, 0.2, 2,20 and 200nM/3μl	During diestrus, proestrus and estrus	Increased serum LH levels during proestrus	The same adult female mice	Wang 2014	[78]
	Rat	Sprague-Dawley	Adult Female rats	Oral Administration	After two classic estrous cycles	50 mg/kg bw/day	6 consecutive weeks	Increased serum LH and FSH levels	The same adult female rats	Zhou 2014	[86]
	Mice	C57BL/6J	Adult female mice	Oral administration	12–15 days (first 3 reproductive cycle)	50 μg/kg bw/ Day	51–54 days	No significant change in serum LH and FSH Levels	The same adult female mice	Moore- Ambriz 2015	[87]
	Rat	Sprague- Dawley	Adult Female rats	Oral gavage	42 days	10 mg/kg bw/day	After the last treatment day, during diestrus	Decreased serum LH and FSH levels during diestrus	The same adult female rats	Zaid 2018	[88]
	Rat	Wistar	Adult female	Subcutaneous Injection	From PND 90 to PND105	25 ng/kg/d and 5 mg/kg/ day	24 h after last treatment, during diestrus	No significant change in serum LH and FSH levels. Delay in LH surge during diestrus	The same adult female rats	Lòpez-Rodríguez 2019	[89]
	Mouse	C57BL/6J	Adult second- pregnancy mice	Oral gavage	Pregnancy From GD15 to lactation (PND21) period	0.05 and 5 mg/kg bw/ day	During diestrus 5 weeks after BPA administration	No change in serum LH levels during diestrus	Female offspring in adulthood	Naule 2014	[81]
	Rat	Wistar-derived strain	Female Pups (F1)	Subcutaneous Injection	From PND1 to PND7	0.05 and 20 mg/kg bw/ day	During estrus from PND85 to PND100	Precluded the production of an E2-induced LH surge at 20 mg/kg bw/day during estrus	Female pups in adulthood from PND85 to 100	Monje 2010	[82]

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ISSN: 1477-7827

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