Table 2 Bisphenol A and hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis: pituitary
Source | Strain | Age | Exposure route | Time of exposure | Doses | Time of observation | Outcome | Outcome observed in | Reference n° | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental studies in vitro and ex-vivo | Rat | Sprague-Dawley | Female pups | Subcutaneous Injection | From PND1 to PND10 | 6.2–2.5 mg/kg bw/day and 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day | PND13 | Decreased basal and GnRH-stimulated LH levels in medium of adult anterior pituitary cell cul tures. Adult anterior pituitary cell cultures treated with BPA 6.2–2.5 mg/kg bw/day showed rapid and transient activation of ERK1/2 com pared to control | Female rats in adulthood in estrus phase | Fernandez 2009 | [79] |
Experimental studies in vivo | Mouse | CD-1 | Adult pregnant mice | Oral gavage | Cohort A: from GD1 to PND20 | 12, 25 and 50 mg/kg bw/day | PND50 | Increased FSH mRNA expression. No significant change in serum LH and FSH Levels at proestrus phase | Female offspring (F1) in adulthood | Xi 2011 | [29] |
Mouse | CD-1 | Female pups (F1) | Oral gavage | Cohort B: from PND20 to PND49 | 25 and 50 mg/kg bw/day | PND50 | No significant change in LH and FSH mRNA expression at proestrus phase | Female offspring (F1) in adulthood | Xi 2011 | [29] | |
Rat | Sprague-Dawley | 8-week-old | Oral gavage | From GD1 to PND20 | 0.001 or 0.1 mg/kg bw/ day | After 90 days of exposure | Increased serum LH levels and LH protein content after BPA exposure of 0.001 and 0.1 mg/kg bw/ day. No significant change in serum FSH levels and FSH protein expression during estrus | The same adult female rats (8-week- old) | Lee 2013 | [30] | |
Rat | Wistar | Adult pregnancy rats | Oral administration (drinking water) | From GD1 to PND21 | 3 μg/kg bw/Day | PND30 | Increased serum LH levels. No significant change in serum FSH levels | Female offspring in prepubertal phase | Gamez 2015 | [31] | |
Rat | Sprague-Dawley | Female pups | Subcutaneous Injection | From PND1 to PND10 | 6.2–2.5 mg/kg bw/day and 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day | PND13 | Decreased basal and GnRH-stimulated serum LH levels at BPA 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day. | Female pups | Fernandez 2009 | [79] | |
Rat | Sprague-Dawley | Female pups | Subcutaneous Injection | From PND1 to PND10 | 6.2–2.5 mg/kg bw/day and 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day | During estrus | Decreased GnRH-stimulated (15′) serum LH levels at BPA 62.5–25.0 mg/kg bw/day during estrus | Female rats in adulthood | Fernandez 2009 | [79] | |
Mouse | ICR | Adult female mice | Oral Administration | Proestrus after 4th/5th estrus | 20 μg/kg bw/ day | During diestrus, proestrus and estrus | Increased serum LH and FSH levels during proestrus | The same adult female mice | Wang 2014 | [78] | |
Mouse | ICR | Adult female mice | Injection into the right lateral ventricle | Proestrus after 4th/5th estrus | 0.02, 0.2, 2,20 and 200nM/3μl | During diestrus, proestrus and estrus | Increased serum LH levels during proestrus | The same adult female mice | Wang 2014 | [78] | |
Rat | Sprague-Dawley | Adult Female rats | Oral Administration | After two classic estrous cycles | 50 mg/kg bw/day | 6 consecutive weeks | Increased serum LH and FSH levels | The same adult female rats | Zhou 2014 | [86] | |
Mice | C57BL/6J | Adult female mice | Oral administration | 12–15 days (first 3 reproductive cycle) | 50 μg/kg bw/ Day | 51–54 days | No significant change in serum LH and FSH Levels | The same adult female mice | Moore- Ambriz 2015 | [87] | |
Rat | Sprague- Dawley | Adult Female rats | Oral gavage | 42 days | 10 mg/kg bw/day | After the last treatment day, during diestrus | Decreased serum LH and FSH levels during diestrus | The same adult female rats | Zaid 2018 | [88] | |
Rat | Wistar | Adult female | Subcutaneous Injection | From PND 90 to PND105 | 25 ng/kg/d and 5 mg/kg/ day | 24 h after last treatment, during diestrus | No significant change in serum LH and FSH levels. Delay in LH surge during diestrus | The same adult female rats | Lòpez-Rodríguez 2019 | [89] | |
Mouse | C57BL/6J | Adult second- pregnancy mice | Oral gavage | Pregnancy From GD15 to lactation (PND21) period | 0.05 and 5 mg/kg bw/ day | During diestrus 5 weeks after BPA administration | No change in serum LH levels during diestrus | Female offspring in adulthood | Naule 2014 | [81] | |
Rat | Wistar-derived strain | Female Pups (F1) | Subcutaneous Injection | From PND1 to PND7 | 0.05 and 20 mg/kg bw/ day | During estrus from PND85 to PND100 | Precluded the production of an E2-induced LH surge at 20 mg/kg bw/day during estrus | Female pups in adulthood from PND85 to 100 | Monje 2010 | [82] |