Subject/ species | Exposure Parameters | Findings | References |
---|---|---|---|
Male swiss albino mice, n = 8 | 902.4 MHz 4 h/ 8 h/ day for 35 days; SAR 0.0516 W/kg | Significant increase in abnormal cells, spermatogonia and decreased spermatids. Significant histological changes in seminiferous tubules. Significant increase in DNA damage of both 4 & 8 h exposure. | Pandey et al. 2017 [21]. |
Sprague Dawley male rats, n = 8 | 900 MHz mobile phone frequency; 1 h/ day for 30 days; SAR 0.025 W/kg | Significant increase in apoptosis and changes in the levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, LPO. Cincludes that 900 MHz could alter histology, the oxidative status and apoptosis induction in testes. | Odaci and Ozyilmaz 2016 [22] |
Human spermatozoa (in vitro), n = 26 | 850 MHz continuous for 1 h; SAR 1.46 W/kg | In group 1 of normal sperm, the gene and protein expression of clusterin and DNA fragmentation were increased significantly in EMF exposed sperm. Concluded detrimental effect of mobile phone on sperm parameters. | Zalata et al. 2015 [23] |
Human spermatozoa (in vitro), n = 32 | 900–1800 MHz; intermittent every 10 min for 5 h; | Significantly increase in DNA fragmentation and non-progressive motility and reduction in progressive motility in exposed sperm. | Gorpinchenko et al. 2014 [24] |
Male Wistar rats, n = 6 | 2.45 GHz/0.14 W/Kg (2 h a day for 45 days) | A significant increase in DNA SB, protein carbonyl content, ROS, XO, MDA apoptosis and significant decrease in testosterone, LDH-X were observed in microwave exposed group. A treatment with melatonin prevent oxidative damage in all above parameters. | Meena et al. 2014 [25]. |
Male Wistar rats, n = 6 | 1910.5 MHz/ 1.34 W/kg 60 days, two hours each day (6 days a week) | Significant decrease in sperm count, seminiferous diameter, testicular weight and increase in DNA single strand break and MDA level. | Kumar et al. 2014 [26] |
Male Male Wistar rats, n = 6 in each group | GSM 900 MHz/ 0.9 W/Kg (2 h/day for 45 days | Decrease sperm count, increased apoptosis, micronuclei and ROS. Affect the level of antioxidant enzymes and testosterone level. Morphological changes also observed under TEM. | |
Male Wistar rats, n = 3 each group | 2.45GHz/ 0.014 W/Kg (2 h/day for 60 days). PEMF 100 Hz | Decreased melatonin, testosterone and increased creatine kinase, capases significantly in exposed group. PEMF showed therapeutic impact against microwave exposure. | Kumar et al. 2011 [29] |
Male Wistar Rats, n = 6 each group | 10GHz/ flux density 0.21 mW/cm2/ SAR: 0.014 W/kg/ Continuous 2 h/day for 45 days | Significant increase in ROS level, apoptotic cells and decrease in percentage of G2 phase /mitosis phase of cell cycle and histone kinase enzyme activity. | Kumar et al. 2011 [30] |
Male Wistar rats, n = 6 | 2.45GHz/ 0.11 W/Kg (2 h/day for 35 days) | Significant decrease in sperm count, changes in antioxidant enzyme (SOD, GPx, CAT) and DNA fragmentation exceed to cell apoptosis. | Kesari and Behari 2010 [31] |
Male Wistar rats, n = 6 | RF-EMR 900/ 0.9 W/kg (2 h/ day for 35 days) | Statistically significant reduction in Protein Kinase C activity, sperm count and increased apoptotic sperm cells. | Kesari et al. 2010 [32] |
Male Albino Wistar rat | 900Â MHz GSM (60Â min/day for 3Â months) | Long term mobile phone radiation exposure leads to reduction in serum testosterone level | Meo et al. 2010 [33] |
Human semen | RF-EMR 850Â MHz/ 1.46Â W/kg. (for 60Â min) | Motility & viability significantly decreased, increased in ROS level, decreased in ROS-TAC score | Agarwal et al. (2009) [34] |
Male Albino Wistar rat | GSM 0.9 & 1.8Â GHz/ SAR-? (1Â h/day for 28Â days) | Reduced % of motile sperm. Increase LPx, GSH content of testis and epididymis. | Mailankot et al. 2009 [35] |
Human Spermatozoa | 71.8 GHz/ 0.4–27.5 W/Kg (exposure time 16 h). | Both [power density and frequency range enhance mitochondrial ROS in human spermatozoa leads to decrease in motility and viability and cause DNA fragmentation | De Iuliis et al. 2009 [36] |
Sprague Dawley rats | RF-EMR 1.9 Hz @ distance of 1 cm for 6 h/day ×  18 weeks | Significant decrease in sperm motility also majority of sperm cells in the exposure group were dead, where as in the control group the majority were alive with constant, active motility | Yan et al. 2007 [37] |