Recurrent Implantation Failure-update overview on etiology, diagnosis, treatment and future directions

Table 1 Summary of molecules suggested to play a role in implantation failure

Molecule	Source	Implantation Failure, Biochemical Pregnancy, and RIF patients	Controls/healthy outcomes	Source
Hyperglycosylated hCG (levels)	Urine	0.63 ± 1.3 mIU/ml	5.4 ± 4.3 mIU/ml	Cole et al, 2012 [50]
		Biochemical Pregnancy	Healthy Delivery
		(P < .0001)	(P < .0001)
Prostaglandins (cPLA_2a)	Endometrium	1.001 (ratio)	2.956 (ratio)	Achache et al., 2010 [56]
		RIF patients	Controls
		(P < .05)	(P < .05)
LIF (in secretory phase of menstrual cycle compared with proliferative phase)	Endometrium	Secretory 2162 ± 541 pg	Secretory 3489 ± 967 pg	Hambartsoumian 1998 [55]
		Proliferative 4953 ± 1525 pg	Proliferative 4698 ± 1136 pg
		(P = .06)	NS
		RIF Patients	Controls
Cellular adhesion molecules 1) αvβ3 luminal epithelium α4β1 glandular epithelium	Endometrium	HSCORE	HSCORE	Thomas et al., 2002 [57]
		1.1 (0.8–1.6)	1.6 (1.1–1.9)
		no pregnancy	pregnancy
		(P = .027)	(P = .027)
		2.7 (2.1–3.3)	2.3 (1.5–2.8)
		no pregnancy	pregnancy
		(P < .047)	(P < .047)

ISSN: 1477-7827