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Table 9 Summary of SMD values for induced AR assay

From: Human sperm acrosome function assays are predictive of fertilization rate in vitro: a retrospective cohort study and meta-analysis

Subgroup

N

SMD

(95% CI)

Test(s) of heterogeneity

Significance test(s) of

SMD = 0

P a

I2 (%)

P

Z

P

 

Overall

22

0.86 (0.60–1.11)

78.7

0.000

6.55

0.000

 

Four experiments excluded

18

0.71 (0.52–0.90)

54.8

0.003

7.25

0.000

 

Geographic area

 Europe

15

0.76 (0.44–1.07)

82.1

0.000

4.68

0.000

0.001

 Oceania

1

0.66 (0.24–1.08)

–b

–

3.10

0.002

 

 South America

1

0.97 (0.15–1.78)

–

–

2.33

0.020

 

 Africa

1

1.86 (0.91–2.80)

–

–

4.46

0.000

 

 North America

1

1.91 (1.18–2.63)

–

–

5.14

0.000

 

 Asia

3

0.86 (0.48–1.24)

0.0

0.589

4.46

0.000

 

Preparation method

 No preparation

0

      

 One preparation

22

      

  Swim up

8

1.51 (1.13–1.89)

61.3

0.012

7.75

0.000

< 0.001

  Swim up/discontinuous gradient

1

0.97 (0.15–1.78)

–

–

4.79

0.000

 

  Discontinuous gradient

13

0.47 (0.28–0.66)

48.2

0.027

2.33

0.020

 

 Double preparation

0

      

AR trigger

       

 Physiological trigger

7

0.95 (0.29–1.61)

89.1

0.000

2.81

0.005

0.92

  HFF

3

0.97 (−0.42–2.37)

95.1

0.000

1.37

0.172

 0.029

  P

3

0.65 (0.01–1.28)

73.4

0.023

1.99

0.047

 

  ZP

1

1.86 (0.91–2.80)

–

–

3.85

0.000

 

 Nonphysiological trigger

15

0.81 (0.56–1.06)

67.6

0.000

6.36

0.000

 

  A23187

10

0.87 (0.66–1.08)

26.1

0.204

8.30

0.000

< 0.001

  CAMP

1

−0.12 (−0.56–0.32)

–

–

0.54

0.588

 

  TPA

2

0.40 (0.09–0.70)

0.0

0.866

2.54

0.011

 

  BSA-GlcNAc/A23187

1

0.97 (0.15–1.78)

–

–

2.33

0.020

 

  Mannose

1

1.91 (1.18–2.63)

–

–

5.14

0.000

 

AR assay method

       

 Fluorescent labels

21

0.82 (0.57–1.08)

78.3

0.000

6.26

0.000

0.012

  Direct immunofluorescence

19

0.80 (0.52–1.07)

79.4

0.000

5.72

0.000

0.16

   With lection

12

1.16 (0.84–1.47)

66.3

0.001

7.17

0.000

< 0.001

    FITC-PSA

7

1.19 (0.68–1.71)

77.5

0.000

4.53

0.000

 0.060

    FITC-PNA

4

0.96 (0.66–1.25)

0.0

0.961

6.27

0.000

 

    RITC-PSA

1

1.91 (1.18–2.63)

–

–

7.17

0.000

 

   With antibody

7

0.28 (0.06–0.50)

44.2

0.097

2.45

0.014

 

    FITC-GB24

  Indirect immunofluorescence

2

1.11 (0.26–1.95)

64.2

0.094

2.57

0.010

 

   GB24 antibody

 Triple stain

1

1.52 (0.87–2.18)

78.7

0.000

4.57

0.000

 
  1. Rs spearman correlation coefficient, AR acrosome reaction, CI confidence interval, HFF human follicle fluid, P progesterone, ZP zona pellucida, CAMP cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-phosphate analogue, TPA phorbol ester, BSA-GlcNAc Neoglycoproteins with N-acetylglucosamine residues, FITC-PSA fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisurn sativum agglutimm, FITC-PNA fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated peanut agglutinin, RITC-PSA rhodamine-conjugated Pisurn sativum agglutimm, FITC-GB24, fluorescein isothiocyanate-GB24
  2. aComparison between subgroups with the Q test for heterogeneity
  3. bNot calculated