Subgroup | N | SMD (95% CI) | Test(s) of heterogeneity | Significance test(s) of SMD = 0 | P a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 (%) | P | Z | P | Â | |||
Overall | 22 | 0.86 (0.60–1.11) | 78.7 | 0.000 | 6.55 | 0.000 |  |
Four experiments excluded | 18 | 0.71 (0.52–0.90) | 54.8 | 0.003 | 7.25 | 0.000 |  |
Geographic area | |||||||
 Europe | 15 | 0.76 (0.44–1.07) | 82.1 | 0.000 | 4.68 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
 Oceania | 1 | 0.66 (0.24–1.08) | –b | – | 3.10 | 0.002 |  |
 South America | 1 | 0.97 (0.15–1.78) | – | – | 2.33 | 0.020 |  |
 Africa | 1 | 1.86 (0.91–2.80) | – | – | 4.46 | 0.000 |  |
 North America | 1 | 1.91 (1.18–2.63) | – | – | 5.14 | 0.000 |  |
 Asia | 3 | 0.86 (0.48–1.24) | 0.0 | 0.589 | 4.46 | 0.000 |  |
Preparation method | |||||||
 No preparation | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 One preparation | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Swim up | 8 | 1.51 (1.13–1.89) | 61.3 | 0.012 | 7.75 | 0.000 | < 0.001 |
  Swim up/discontinuous gradient | 1 | 0.97 (0.15–1.78) | – | – | 4.79 | 0.000 |  |
  Discontinuous gradient | 13 | 0.47 (0.28–0.66) | 48.2 | 0.027 | 2.33 | 0.020 |  |
 Double preparation | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AR trigger | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Physiological trigger | 7 | 0.95 (0.29–1.61) | 89.1 | 0.000 | 2.81 | 0.005 | 0.92 |
  HFF | 3 | 0.97 (−0.42–2.37) | 95.1 | 0.000 | 1.37 | 0.172 |  0.029 |
  P | 3 | 0.65 (0.01–1.28) | 73.4 | 0.023 | 1.99 | 0.047 |  |
  ZP | 1 | 1.86 (0.91–2.80) | – | – | 3.85 | 0.000 |  |
 Nonphysiological trigger | 15 | 0.81 (0.56–1.06) | 67.6 | 0.000 | 6.36 | 0.000 |  |
  A23187 | 10 | 0.87 (0.66–1.08) | 26.1 | 0.204 | 8.30 | 0.000 | < 0.001 |
  CAMP | 1 | −0.12 (−0.56–0.32) | – | – | 0.54 | 0.588 |  |
  TPA | 2 | 0.40 (0.09–0.70) | 0.0 | 0.866 | 2.54 | 0.011 |  |
  BSA-GlcNAc/A23187 | 1 | 0.97 (0.15–1.78) | – | – | 2.33 | 0.020 |  |
  Mannose | 1 | 1.91 (1.18–2.63) | – | – | 5.14 | 0.000 |  |
AR assay method | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Fluorescent labels | 21 | 0.82 (0.57–1.08) | 78.3 | 0.000 | 6.26 | 0.000 | 0.012 |
  Direct immunofluorescence | 19 | 0.80 (0.52–1.07) | 79.4 | 0.000 | 5.72 | 0.000 | 0.16 |
   With lection | 12 | 1.16 (0.84–1.47) | 66.3 | 0.001 | 7.17 | 0.000 | < 0.001 |
    FITC-PSA | 7 | 1.19 (0.68–1.71) | 77.5 | 0.000 | 4.53 | 0.000 |  0.060 |
    FITC-PNA | 4 | 0.96 (0.66–1.25) | 0.0 | 0.961 | 6.27 | 0.000 |  |
    RITC-PSA | 1 | 1.91 (1.18–2.63) | – | – | 7.17 | 0.000 |  |
   With antibody | 7 | 0.28 (0.06–0.50) | 44.2 | 0.097 | 2.45 | 0.014 |  |
    FITC-GB24 | |||||||
  Indirect immunofluorescence | 2 | 1.11 (0.26–1.95) | 64.2 | 0.094 | 2.57 | 0.010 |  |
   GB24 antibody | |||||||
 Triple stain | 1 | 1.52 (0.87–2.18) | 78.7 | 0.000 | 4.57 | 0.000 |  |