|
Subgroup
|
N
|
SEN (95% CI)
|
SPE (95% CI)
|
PLR (95% CI)
|
NLR (95% CI)
|
DS (95% CI)
|
DOR (95% CI)
|
AUC (95% CI)
|
P
a
|
|---|
|
Overall
|
13
|
0.79 (0.71–0.85)
|
0.87 (0.74–0.94)
|
6.08 (2.77–13.36)
|
0.24 (0.17–0.35)
|
3.22 (2.19–4.24)
|
24.91 (8.91–69.66)
|
0.84 (0.81–0.87)
| |
|
Geographic area
|
|
Europe
|
5
|
0.80 (0.66–0.89)
|
0.86 (0.56–0.97)
|
5.80 (1.46–23.10)
|
0.23 (0.13–0.43)
|
3.21 (1.51–4.91)
|
24.81 (4.53–135.75)
|
0.86 (0.83–0.89)
|
NC
|
|
Oceania
|
4b
|
0.75 (0.59–0.86)
|
0.77 (0.61–0.87)
|
3.22 (1.70–6.08)
|
0.33 (0.18–0.61)
|
2.28 (1.11–3.45)
|
9.78 (3.04–31.47)
|
0.80 (0.77–0.84)
| |
|
South America
|
1
|
0.78
|
0.91
|
8.56
|
0.24
|
−c
|
35.00
|
–
| |
|
Africa
|
4b
|
0.94 (0.44–1.00)
|
0.98 (0.85–1.00)
|
52.54 (5.96–462.88)
|
0.06 (0.00–1.00)
|
6.76 (3.74–9.77)
|
861.19 (42.25–17,552.00)
|
0.99 (0.98–1.00)
| |
|
North America
|
4b
|
0.77 (0.69–0.84)
|
0.87 (0.64–0.96)
|
6.11 (1.79–20.94)
|
0.26 (0.16–0.41)
|
3.17 (1.54–4.79)
|
23.70 (4.68–120.00)
|
0.83 (0.79–0.86)
| |
|
Asia
|
1
|
0.82
|
0.70
|
2.77
|
0.26
|
–
|
10.75
|
–
| |
|
Preparation method
|
|
No preparation
|
1
|
0.71
|
0.55
|
1.58
|
0.53
|
–
|
3.00
|
–
|
NC
|
|
One preparation
|
11
|
0.82 (0.73–0.88)
|
0.87 (0.73–0.94)
|
6.10 (2.84–13.09)
|
0.21 (0.14–0.33)
|
3.36 (2.32–4.39)
|
28.70 (10.21–80.65)
|
0.88 (0.85–0.91)
| |
|
Double preparation
|
1
|
0.63
|
1.00
|
–
|
0.40
|
–
|
–
|
–
| |
|
AR trigger
|
|
Physiological trigger
|
10b
|
0.82 (0.73–0.88)
|
0.88 (0.76–0.94)
|
6.78 (3.10–14.83)
|
0.20 (0.13–0.33)
|
3.50 (2.35–4.65)
|
32.26 (10.53–105.06)
|
0.89 (0.86–0.91)
|
NC
|
|
Nonphysiological trigger
|
8
|
0.79 (0.70–0.85)
|
0.86 (0.65–0.95)
|
5.70 (1.98–16.39)
|
0.25 (0.16–0.37)
|
3.14 (1.82–4.46)
|
23.10 (6.16–81.56)
|
0.82 (0.78–0.85)
| |
|
AR assay method
|
|
Fluorescent labels
|
11
|
0.78 (0.71–0.84)
|
0.90 (0.78–0.96)
|
8.01 (3.24–19.82)
|
0.24 (0.18–0.34)
|
3.49 (2.35–4.64)
|
32.83 (10.44–103.21)
|
0.83 (0.80–0.86)
| |
|
Direct immunofluorescence
|
10
|
0.78 (0.70–0.85)
|
0.86 (0.74–0.93)
|
5.72 (2.81–11.63)
|
0.25 (0.17–0.37)
|
3.12 (2.11–4.14)
|
22.76 (8.23–62.95)
|
0.84 (0.81–0.87)
| |
|
FITC−PSA
|
7
|
0.81 (0.69–0.88)
|
0.83 (0.66–0.93)
|
4.80 (2.09–11.01)
|
0.23 (0.13–0.41)
|
3.02 (1.72–4.32)
|
20.51 (5.60–75.15)
|
0.87 (0.83–0.89)
| |
|
FITC−PNA
|
4b
|
0.68 (0.58–0.76)
|
0.85 (0.81–0.88)
|
4.55 (3.42–6.05)
|
0.38 (0.28–0.50)
|
2.49 (1.98–3.01)
|
12.10 (7.24–20.21)
|
0.85 (0.81–0.87)
| |
|
RITC−PSA
|
1
|
0.83
|
0.98
|
38.33
|
0.17
|
–
|
225.00
|
–
| |
|
Indirect immunofluorescence
|
|
Anti−CD46 antibody
|
1
|
0.83
|
1.00
|
–
|
0.18
|
–
|
–
|
–
| |
|
Triple stain
|
4b
|
0.93 (0.76–0.98)
|
0.58 (0.52–0.64)
|
2.23 (1.96–2.54)
|
0.12 (0.03–0.43)
|
2.92 (1.59–4.25)
|
18.56 (4.91–70.16)
|
0.68 (0.64–0.72)
| |
- SEN sensitivity, SPE specificity, PLR positive likelihood ratio, NLR negative likelihood ratio, DS diagnostic score, DOR diagnostic odds ratio, AUC area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve, CI confidence interval, AR acrosome reaction, FITC-PSA fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisurn sativum agglutimm, FITC-PNA fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated peanut agglutinin, RITC-PSA rhodamine-conjugated Pisurn sativum agglutimm, NC not compared
- aComparison between subgroups with the Q test for heterogeneity
- bConverted number = actual number × 2. Studies were duplicated for numbers ≥ 2 and < 4, based on the computation of bivariate mixed effects regression model for the lowest threshold of 4 studies
- cNot calculated in original data or not reported
