From: A novel and compact review on the role of oxidative stress in female reproduction
Protein | Function and role in reproductive process | Interaction between proteins | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Keap1-Nrf2 pathway | Keap1: Keap1 binds to Nrf2 in cytoplasm. Nrf2: Protects cells under moderate oxidative stress A regulator of antioxidant defense in vascular dysfunction and oxidative damage. Deletion of Nrf2 → Fetal DNA damage and nervous system defects (the basis of trophoblast cell apoptosis). Vaginal delivery and Uterine infection: Nrf2↓ | The right amount of OS → Nrf2↑ → HO-1↑,NQO1↑,GCLC↑ Excessive OS → FOXO3↑ → Ability of Keap1 to bind to Nrf2↑ Deletion of FOXO3: OS↑ → AKT↑ → Nrf2↑ | |
NF-κB pathway | An active molecule in the immune system; Redox-Sensitive transcription factors Placental stress: OS → NF-κB↑ → Pro-inflammatory Cytokines↑ → Placental apoptotic process is activated Endometriosis: OS↑ → TNF-α↑ → NF-κB↑ In vitro: IL-1β → NF-κB↑ → MIF↑, TNF-α↑ | Inhibitory IκB protein family binds to NF-κB in cytoplasm IKKB protein is degraded (IKKα, IKKβ, NEMO mediate) → NF-κB enters nuclear to regulate target gene. IKKβ↑ → p-FOXO3↑ Deletion of FOXO3 → NF-κB↓ FOXO3↑ → BCL10↑ → IKKB↓ → NF-κB↑ → Anti-apoptosis gene↑ | |
FOXO family | FOXO1(all tissues): Deletion of FOXO1, embryonic cell death due to incomplete blood vessel development FOXO3(all tissues): Deletion of FOXO1, lymphocyte proliferation, extensive organ inflammation FOXO4 (muscle, kidney, colorectal): Deletion of FOXO4, inflammation of the colon in response to inflammatory stimuli FOXO6(brain, liver): Deletion of FOXO6, shows normal learning, but memory consolidation is impaired FOXO1↑ → Apoptotic pathway in decidual stromal cells, and Inhibits endometrial epithelial cell growth | FOXO1↑ → WNT4↑,PRL↑,IGFBP1↑ JNK↑ → FOXO1↑ → MnSOD↑, CAT↑ → Protecting cells | |
MAPK family | JNK: Activated by stress and inflammation P38 MAPK: Activated by stress and inflammation ERK: Activated by inflammation and growth factors OS↑ → p38 MAPK↑ → Aging and premature aging of fetal tissue Endometriosis: ERK↑ Endometrial stromal cells: time of p-ERK↑; OS↑ → ERK↑,H2O2↑ → p-ERK↑ | JNK↑ → FOXO1↑ → MnSOD↑, CAT↑ → Protecting cells P450↑ → ROS↑ → ASK1-P-p38 MAPK |