From: The enigmatic seminal plasma: a proteomics insight from ejaculation to fertilization
Proteins involved | Site of Action | Mechanism of action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
FOXP3 | Uterine regulatory T cells | Immunosuppression and improved tolerance towards paternal antigens | |
GM-CSF | Embryo | Blastocyst stage development | [72] |
IL-6 | Embryo | Protection from apoptosis by secreting anti-apoptotic micro RNAs | [72] |
LIF | Inner cell mass | Blastocyst development | [72] |
IGF-1 | Germ cells | Maturation of spermatozoa | |
α2-macroglobulin | Germ cells | Progressive motility | |
Enkephalin | Sperm cells | Sperm motility | |
VEGF, MMPs | Endometrium | Embryo implantation | |
TGF-β, PGE | Female reproductive epithelial tissues | Inflammatory signaling response | |
GM-CSF, IL-1A, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP3A (CCL20) | Female epithelial layers and deeper stromal tissues | Immediate and rapid influx of inflammation to cause fertilization |