Table 1 Major breakthroughs in the development of proteomic biomarkers through proteomic analysis of human seminal plasma
From: The enigmatic seminal plasma: a proteomics insight from ejaculation to fertilization
Year | Technique used | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
1888 | Acetic acid precipitation | Detection of propeptone | [16] |
1942 | Electrophoresis (Tiselius apparatus) | First electrophoretic separation that identified 4 protein fractions | [18] |
1942 | Electrophoresis (Tiselius apparatus) | Electrophoretically separated 4 protein fractions correspond to albumin, α-, β- and γ-globulins | [17] |
1978 | 2DE | Separated 40 peptides and identified p30 as a marker for semen in forensic samples (vaginal swabs). Established the idea that semen proteins can act as biomarkers | [19] |
1981 | 2DE | Detected > 200 peptides and reported the absence of many glycoproteins in vasectomized men | [20] |
2003 | 2DE-MALDI-TOF-MS | Detected impaired spermatogenesis-associated markers by narrow immobilized pH gradients in azoospermic men | [21] |
2007 | 2DE-LC-MS/MS | Reported candidate marker proteins for non-obstructive and obstructive azoospermia | [26] |
2009 | 1DE-LC-MS/MS | Proposed that downregulation of DJ-1 is responsible for oxidative stress and thereby affects the quality of the semen in asthenozoospermia | [27] |
2011 | N-linked glycosylated peptide enrichment, combined with LC-MS/MS | N-glycosylated prostate-specific antigen is known to be an efficient biomarker that can distinguish benign prostate hyperplasia from prostate cancer | [30] |
2012 | 2DE-LC-MS/MS | Identified 59 proteins in seminal plasma as candidate biomarkers of prostatitis | [28] |
2013 | LC-MS/MS | Testis-specific TKTL1, LDHC and PGK2 could distinguish semen from fertile and infertile men | [23] |
2013 | 1DE-LC-MS/MS | Identified proteins that are over- or underexpressed in the seminal plasma of teratozoospermic, oligozoospermic and oligoteratozoospermic men | [29] |
2014 | LC-MS/MS followed by MS-based multiplex SRM assay | ECM1 and TEX101 levels can distinguish OA from NOA and circumvent testicular biopsies for prediction of outcome of sperm retrieval in azoospermic patients | [6] |
2015 | 1DE-LC-MS/MS | MME and FAM3D along with ROS levels in the seminal plasma may serve as good markers for diagnosis of male infertility | [24] |
2016 | LC-MS/MS | Cab45/SDF4, protein lefty-1, DNase I, PAP2-alpha, IBP-7, HDC, and CRISP-3 are proposed as putative biomarkers in adolescents with varicocele | [25] |