Report | Prognosis | Management | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
von Zumbusch et al. [4] | Case1: sperm concentration 75 × 106/mL, Case2: sperm concentration 210 × 106/mL, both total immotile | Diagnosed by eosin test and TEM, random sperm pick and fertilization by ICSI | Live birth of healthy twins (case 1) and a singleton (case2) |
Abu-Musa et al. [35] | sperm concentration of 58 × 106/mL, total immotile | random sperm pick in ICSI | No fertilization and pregnancy |
Kay et al. [5] | Mean sperm concentration of 49 × 106/mL, 25% mean motility | Diagnosed by TEM, fertilization by ICSI after gradient and swim-up | Live birth of a singleton male |
Cayan et al. [14] | Case1: azoospermia after centrifugation, immotile testicular sperm Case2: sperm concentration of 4.8 × 106/mL, < 5% viable in eosin test, total immotile | Case1: TESE, HOS test and ICSI Case2: TESE, eosin test (95% viability in testicular sperm), ICSI | Case 1: Birth of a singleton after frozen embryo transfer Case2: 4 embryos transferred with no pregnancy |
Westlander et al. [15] | Case 1: severe oligozoospermia with total immotility Case2: normal sperm count and morphology with total immotility (63% viability with HOS test, absence of dynein arms by TEM.) | Case 1. 1st attempt: HOS test and ICSI Case1. 2nd attempt: TESE, HOS test and ICSI Case2: Fertilized by ICSI after HOS test with half sperm injected from ejaculate and other half from TESE | Case1. 1st attempt: No fertilization Case1. 2nd attempt: Live birth of twins Case2: Ongoing singleton pregnancy from one embryo transfer derived from testicular sperm |
Aktan et al. [23] | Cases with total immotility | HOS test or tail laser shot before ICSI | Take home baby rate/cycle of 19% vs 5.9% when testicular sperm, and 28% vs 16.7% when ejaculated sperm by laser vs random selection, respectively |
Kaushal et al. [16] | sperm concentration of 58 × 106/mL, no motility, and 7% normal morphology | ICSI of partially motile sperm after TESE | Live birth of twins |
Kordus et al. [37] | Total immotile sperm, 40% viability by eosin-nigrosin test, defects on dynein arms by TEM | ICSI following HOS test | Live birth of twins |
Matsumoto et al. [7] | sperm concentration of 57.2 × 106/mL, 30% viability by eosin test, 0.3% sperm motility | Absence of both dynein arms by TEM, fertilization by ICSI after swim-up | Live birth of a singleton baby |
Nunez et al. [47] | sperm concentration of 1.2 × 106/mL, 30% viability by eosin test, 0.3% sperm motility | HOS test to select ejaculated sperm for ICSI in 3 cycles, testicular sperm in 1 cycle using ICSI | Low grade or no cleavage embryo development, no pregnancy. Live birth after usage of donor sperm |
Hattori et al. [11] | sperm concentration of 0.9 × 106/mL, 54% viability by eosin test, no sperm motility | Absence of one or both dynein arms by TEM, pentoxifylline-activated sperm pick by ICSI | Live birth of a singleton baby |
Vicdan et al. [48] | Azoospermia | Absence of dynein arms in nasal biopsy by TEM, fertilization by testicular sperm in ICSI | Live birth of a singleton baby |
Geber et al. [36] | sperm concentration of 43 × 106/mL, no sperm motility | HOS test to select viable ejaculated sperm during ICSI | Live birth of twins |
McLachlan et al. [12] | sperm concentration of 10.1 × 106/mL, 20% vitality, no sperm motility | Disorganized axoneme in TEM, Random testicular sperm retrieval during ICSI, assisted oocyte activation by calcium chloride rich medium | Live birth of a singleton baby |
Ebner et al. [13] | sperm concentration of 1.8 × 106/mL, 32% vitality, no sperm motility | Theophylline activation resulted in no motility, HOS test selected sperm used during ICSI, assisted oocyte activation by ionophore solution | Live birth of twins |
Montjean et al. [10] | 2 cases with immotile spermatozoa | Case1: non-progressive motility achieved after pentoxifylline activation in first cycle, HOS test used after no pentoxifylline activated sperm in second cycle, HOS test used in third cycle Case2: fertilization using sperm after HOS test in two cycles | Case1: No pregnancy in first two cycles, no fertilization in third cycle. Case2: Fertilization but no pregnancy in first cycle, live birth of a singleton after second cycle using vitrified oocytes remained from first cycle |