Table 1 General characteristics of the participants

N

2141

713

Age, yr

52 (14)

55 (13)

<0.01

Metabolic factors

25(OH)D, nmol/L

43.7 (11.7)

42.6 (11.8)

<0.01

HbA1c, %

5.4 (0.8)

5.6 (1.1)

<0.01

Fasting glucose, mmol/L

5.58 (1.24)

5.97 (1.76)

<0.01

Fasting insulin, pmol/L

35.6 (32.5)

48.9 (60.0)

<0.01

HOMA-IR

1.31 (1.46)

1.96 (2.83)

<0.01

Systolic pressure, mmHg

131 (20)

134 (20)

<0.01

BMI, kg/m²

24.2 (3.2)

25.4 (3.6)

<0.01

Diabetes, %

10.7

19.9

<0.01

Sex-related hormones

Total T, nmol/L

17.8 (5.3)

11.2 (4.3)

<0.01

Free T, pmol/L

54.0 (26.9)

33.0 (27.1)

<0.01

E2, pmol/L

112.8 (64.5)

90.8 (55.9)

<0.01

SHBG, nmol/L

48.7 (24.9)

38.1 (24.5)

<0.01

FSH, IU/L

8.4 (6.1)

11.3 (14.3)

<0.01

LH, IU/L

5.3 (3.3)

6.0 (5.8)

0.05

Rural/urban residence, %

56.0/44/0

58.9/41/1

0.18

Economic status, {low/high, %}

28.7/71.3

22.9/77.1

<0.01

Current smoker, %

48.9

44.8

0.07