Figure 3

In vitro evidence: The effects of 5α-DHT or equol alone and in combination on prostate specific antigen (PSA) by LNCap Human Prostate Cancer Cells. All data expressed as the mean + the standard error of the mean (sem). Up black triangle significantly greater levels in all 5α-DHT treatments compared to all other treatments (p < 0.0001) Down black triangle, significant decrease at 100 nM of equol vs. all control values (p < 0.0001). Black square, slight but significant increase in PSA levels in the equol 10 nM group compared to DMSO-vehicle values (p < 0.008) but not to the no-treatment group (p < 0.47). Three horizontal lines, significant decrease at 10 nm of 5α-DHT plus equol at 100 nM compared to 10 nM of 5α-DHT alone (p < 0.0001). Two horizontal lines, significant decrease at 1 nM of 5α-DHT plus equol at 10 nM compared to 1 nM of 5α-DHT alone (p < 0.001). One horizontal line, represent a significant decrease at 0.1 nM of 5α-DHT plus equol at 1 nM compared to 0.1 nM of 5α-DHT alone (p < 0.042).