Effects of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) and its inhibitor, Noggin, on in vitromaturation and culture of bovine preimplantation embryos

Table 5 Effect of BMP4 and Noggin added to culture medium on development of parthenogenic and in vitro fertilized embryos

	Treatment	Total	Cleaved (%)	Blastocysts (%)	Hatching blast. (%)	Blastocyst cell number ± sd
	Control	354	237 (66.9)^a	48 (13.5)^a		68 ± 33
PA	BMP4	295	199 (67.4)^a	44 (14.9)^a	1 (0.3)	91 ± 43
	Noggin	269	154 (57.2)^b	19 (7.0)^b		71 ± 16
	Control	218	138 (63.3)^α	45(20.6)^α	10 (4.6)^α	130 ± 47
IVF	BMP4	217	146 (61.3)^αβ	22 (9.2)^β	3 (1.4)^β	117 ± 52
	Noggin	205	105 (51.2)^β	24 (11.7)^β	1(0.5)^β	128 ± 21

Development of parthenogenic (PA) and in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos cultured with 100 ng/ml of either BMP4 or Noggin, Controls were cultured without supplementation. Different superscripts in PA or IVF indicate statistical differences Chi-square test (p < 0.05). For blastocyst cell numbers, one-way ANOVA was applied.

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