Species | Stressor | Hormone treatment | HPA axis response | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rats | 20-min restraint | Estradiol vs oil and estradiol plus progesterone | Increased | [39] |
 | Exposition to a novel environment | Estradiol and estradiol plus progesterone vs no hormone treatment and progesterone | Increased | [40] |
 | 5-sec footshock | Estradiol vs no hormone treatment | Increased | [54] |
 | 1-min exposure to ether vapors | Estradiol vs no hormone treatment | Increased | [54] |
Rhesus monkeys | 30-min intracerebroventricular infusion of interleukin-1α | Estradiol at doses resulting in the typical high levels of plasma estradiol that reproduce the late follicular phase | Increased | [56] |
 |  | Estradiol at doses resulting in low levels of plasma estradiol | Increased | [57] |
 |  | Estradiol at doses that results in intermediate levels of plasma estradiol that reproduce the early-mid follicular phase | Inhibited | [57] |
Women | Single intravenous injection of endotoxin | Estradiol vs no hormone treatment | No treatment effect | [35] |
 | Psychological stress (speech and math tasks) | Estrogens or estrogens plus progestogen vs no hormone treatment | No treatment effect | [58] |
 |  | Estradiol vs the same women before treatment | Decreased | [59] |
 | Psychological stress (mental arithmetic tasks accompanied by a repetitive annoying background noise | Estradiol vs placebo | Decreased | [60] |