Figure 3From: Maternal celiac disease autoantibodies bind directly to syncytiotrophoblast and inhibit placental tissue transglutaminase activityCD serum inhibits tTG enzymatic activity at the surface of the placenta. Villous tissue was incubated of with an acyl donor tTG substrate (biotinyl-TVQQEL), then biotin incorporation visualised by staining with a green fluorescent avidin conjugate. A) Staining in trophoblast, indicating incorporation of the substrate. This was completely abolished after tissue had been pre-treated with B) mouse monoclonal anti tTG antibody or C) positive serum. Scale bar, 100 μm.Back to article page