Table 1 Summary of major reproductive dysfunction or anomalies associated with fetal deficiency or excess of androgen or estrogen
From: Contributions of androgen and estrogen to fetal programming of ovarian dysfunction
Major reproductive dysfunction/anomaly | Fetal deficiency of: | Fetal excess of: | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Androgenb | Estrogena | Androgen | Estrogen |
Ovarian | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Reduced ovulatory frequency | + [29] | + [45] | + [12, 50–56] | + [15, 76, 80, 81] |
Reduced follicle number | ? | + [33, 44] | + [69] | + [14, 77] |
Reduced ovarian response to FSH | + [29] | + [42, 43] | + [69] | ? |
Excessive, endogeneous hypergonadotropic-inducing hemorrhagic follicles | - | + [38, 45] | - | - |
Ovarian hyperandrogenism | - | + [38] | + [49, 53] | + [77, 79] |
Polycystic ovaries | ? | - | + [13, 52, 57] | ? |
Impaired oocyte developmental competence | ? | ? | + [28, 69, 70] | ? |
Partial masculinization of the ovary | - | + [47, 48] | - | - |
Premature ovarian senescence | ? | ? | + [50–52] | ? |
Neuroendocrine | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Increased LH levels | ? | + [24, 38, 45] | + [12, 53, 56, 60] | ? |
Increased FSH levels | ? | + [24, 45] | - | ? |
De-sensitized estradiol/progesterone negative feedback on LH | ? | ? | + [49, 53–56, 58–60] | ? |
Increased gonadotrope LH sensitivity to GnRH | ? | ? | + [49] | ? |