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Table 1 Overview of ligands, both endogenous and exogenous, for the PPAR isotypes. Asterisks denote presence in the ovary, and/or reported affect on ovarian cells.

From: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and ovarian function – implications for regulating steroidogenesis, differentiation, and tissue remodeling

Endogenous Ligands

Source

Specificity for PPAR isotype

Reference

Polyunsaturated fatty acids*

Diet Metabolism

PPARα>PPARδ>>PPARγ

[25]; reviewed in [5]

Eicosanoids*

Inflammation

PPARα, PPARδ, PPARγ

[25]

   8-HETE

Metabolism

PPARα

 

   PGJ2

 

PPARγ>>>PPARα>PPARδ

[17] [26]

   PGA1

 

PPARδ>>PPARα,PPARγ

[17] [25]

   PGI2

 

PPARδ

reviewed in [16]

   Leukotriene B4

 

PPARα

[23] [25]

Lysophosphatidic acid*

Metabolism

PPARγ

[18]

Oxidized LDL

Metabolism

PPARγ

reviewed in [29]

Exogenous Ligands

Source

Specificity for PPAR isotype

Reference

Herbicides/fungicides

Environment

PPARγ

[19]; reported in [1]

Plasticizers*

Environment Industry

 

[137]; reviewed in [15]

NSAIDS

Pharmaceutical

PPARγ>PPARα>>PPARδ

[20] [28]

Fibrates*

Pharmaceutical

PPARα>>>PPARγ

[25]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Environment

PPARα, PPARδ

[21]

Herbal/plant compounds

Traditional medicine

PPARα, PPARγ>PPARδ

reviewed in [14]

   Genistein*

Plants

PPARγ

[138]

Thiazolidinediones*

Pharmaceutical

PPARγ

[23] [55]