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Table 3 Mean serum hormone concentrations (SD) by visit during gestation (N = 106 pregnant women)

From: Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to maternal serum thyroid and sex hormone levels during pregnancy: a longitudinal analysis

Biomarker

Visit 1 (14–20 weeks)

Visit 3 (24–28 weeks)

p-value*

Thyroid Hormones

   

TSH (uIU/mL)†

1.10 (1.60)

1.17 (1.65)

0.25

Free T3 (pg/mL)

4.01 (0.61)

3.86 (0.59)

0.02

Free T4 (ng/dL)

1.45 (0.31)

1.32 (0.32)

0.001

Sex Hormones

   

Progesterone (ng/mL)†

46.9 (1.37)

88.4 (1.48)

<0.001

Estradiol (ng/mL)

5.70 (2.48)

11.1 (3.60)

<0.001

SHBG (nmol/L)

349 (108)

391 (106)

0.002

  1. SD, standard deviation, TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone, SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin.
  2. †Geometric mean and geometric standard deviation reported.
  3. *Test for fixed effects from linear mixed models with random intercepts.