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Table 2 Studies investigating the relationship between vitamin D status and outcomes in women undergoing ART treatments

From: Vitamin D and assisted reproduction technologies: current concepts

Author, year, [reference #]

Country

Study design

COH

Sample size

Biological sample(s) used for 25(OH)D assessment

Main Outcomes

Statistical analysis used for cycle outcome assessment

Main finding(s)

Main confounding factors considered in the analysis

Potashnik et al., 1992 [47]

Israel

Prospective cohort

Long agonist protocol

10

Serum; follicular fluid (from “one large follicle”)

Vitamin D and metabolites’ levels throughout COH

Paired t-test

1,25(OH)2D increased at the end of stimulation. No changes observed for 25(OH)D, 24,25(OH)2D

None

Ozkan et al., 2010 [38]

USA

Prospective cohort

Long agonist protocol

84

Serum; follicular fluid (pooled from follicles ≥14 mm)

CPR

Multivariate logistic regression

FF levels of 25(OH)D act as positive independent predictor of CPR

Age

Race

BMI

Embryos transferred (n)

Anifandis et al., 2010 [39]

Greece

Retrospective cohort

Short agonist protocol

101

Serum; follicular fluid (pooled from all follicles)

Glucose levels in follicular fluid; embryo quality; CPR

X2-test

Higher FF levels of 25(OH)D are associated with lower FF glucose levels and with lower CPR

Age

BMI

Oocytes retrieved (n)

Aleyasin et al., 2011 [40]

Iran

Prospective cohort

Long agonist protocol

82

Serum; follicular fluid (pooled from follicles ≥14 mm after oocyte isolation)

CPR

Multivariate logistic regression

No significant association between FF or serum levels of 25(OH)D and CPR

Variables showing p value ≤ 0.2 on univariate logistic regression

Rudick et al., 2012 [41]

USA

Retrospective cohort

Long agonist; antagonist; microdose flare protocol

188

Serum

CPR

Multivariate logistic regression

Opposite relation between 25(OH)D levels and IVF outcomes by race: higher levels of 25(OH)D associated with higher CPR in non-Hispanic whites and with lower CPR in Asians

Age

BMI

Embryos transferred (n, quality)

Poor ovarian reserve

Firouzabadi et al., 2014 [34]

Iran

Prospective cohort

Long agonist protocol

221

Serum; follicular fluid

Chemical pregnancy rate

Kruskal-Wallis H test

No significant association between FF or serum levels of 25(OH)D and CPR

None

Rudick et al., 2014 [42]

USA

Retrospective cohort

Egg donation recipients

99

Serum

CPR, LBR

Multivariate logistic regression

Higher 25(OH)D levels associated with higher CPR and LBR

Recipient age

Recipient BMI

Embryos transferred (n, quality)