Table 1 BPA effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in animal experiments
Study | Sample | Dose | Route of administration | Time of exposure | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monje et al. [16] | Female rats | 0.05, 20 mg/kg day | Subcutaneous injections | PND 1-7 | BPA20 group no production of estradiol-induced LH surge; ERα expression increased in AVPV and decreased in arcuate nucleus (ARC); PR expression decrease in AVPV |
Patisaul et al. [17] | Rat offspring | 250 μg every 12 h | Subcutaneous injections | PND 1-2 | Increased number of TH-positive cells in the male population |
Rubin et al. [18] | Mouse offspring | 0, 25,250 ng/kg BW/day | Subcutaneous implantation (Alzet osmotic pumps) | GD 8- d 16 of lactation | BPA; 250 female offspring; significantly decreased number of TH-positive cells; alterations in sexually dysmorphic behavior |
Kundakovic et al. [20] | Mouse offspring | 2, 20, 200 μg/kg | Oral administration | GD O-19 | Upregulation of Dnmt3a mRNA in the male prefrontal cortex correlated with hypermethylation of the Esr1 gene; downregulation of Dnmt1 in the female hypothalamus associated with hypomethylation of the Esr1 gene; decreased Esr1 expression in the male prefrontal cortex and in the female hypothalamus; changes in social, exploratory and anxiety-like behavior. |
Fernandez et al. [21] | Female rats, pituitary cells in vitro | 50, 500 μg/50 μl | Subcutaneous injections | PND 1-10 | BPA500 significantly lower serum LH basally and after GnRH stimulation; alterations in GnRH pulsatility; advanced puberty onset |
Navarro et al. [23] | Male and females rats | 100, 500 μg/rat | Subcutaneous injections | PND 1-5 | Decreased expression level of hypothalamic KiSS-1 mRNA at the prepubertal stage |
Bai et al. [24] | Male rat offspring | 2 μg/kg | Subcutaneous injections | GD 10- d 7 of lactation | Up-regulation of KISS-positive AVPV cells in prepubertal, pubertal, and adult male rats exposed perinatally to BPA |
Xi et al., 2011 [25] | Mice offspring | 12,25,50 mg/kg/day | By gavage | Dams: GD 1- PND 20; Pups: PND 21-49 | Dose-dependent increases in the expression levels of KiSS-1, GnRH and FSH mRNA in BPA-exposed female and male pups; inhibition in the expressions of testicular steroidogenic enzymes and the synthesis of testosterone in the male pups; greater aromatase expression level and synthesis of estrogen in the female pups |