|
1. Promotion of corpus luteal progesterone production
|
[6, 9–11, 88]
|
|
2. Angiogenesis of uterine vasculature
|
[19–26]
|
|
3. Cytotrophoblast differentiation
|
[18, 61]
|
|
4. Immuno-suppression and blockage of phagocytosis of invading trophoblast cells
|
[62–67, 89]
|
|
5. Growth of uterus in line with fetal growth
|
[68, 69]
|
|
6. Quiescence of uterine muscle contraction
|
[68, 70–72]
|
|
7. Promotion of growth of fetal organs
|
[30–32, 73–76]
|
|
8. Umbilical cord growth and development
|
[27–32]
|
|
9. Blastocysts signals uterine decidua prior to invasion regarding pending implantation
|
[77–80]
|
|
10. hCG in sperm and receptors found in fallopian tubes suggesting pre-pregnancy communication
|
[81–86]
|
|
11. hCG receptors in hippocampus and brain stem, may cause nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
|
[90, 91]
|
|
B. Hyperglycosylated hCG
| |
|
1. Stimulates implantation by invasion of cytotrophoblast cells as occurs at implantation of pregnancy
|
[13–16]
|
|
2. Stimulates growth of placenta by promoting growth of cytotrophoblast cells
|
[13, 14, 16, 17]
|
|
C. hCG and hyperglycosylated hCG together
| |
|
1. Drives hemochorial placentation
|
[87]
|
